Biogeosystem Technique

100-124

Authors: Valery Kalinichenko

The Earth now is in a state of human-induced uncertainty of geospheres, biosphere, climate change, degradation of water systems. Water has become a global deficit, is required a review of the world water policy. Irrigation consumes 95% of fresh water. Irrigation for thousands years is imitated the natural hydrological regime, although the natural hydrological regime is oriented on biological diversity of the biosphere, not to obtain the desired maximum output at the lowest amount of water. This is a systemic defect of currently accepted worldwide as a standard the gravitational simulative frontal continuum-isotropic irrigation paradigm. Using this paradigm we do not solve the problem of transformation of concentrated water flow into the moisture continuum in the soil, dispersed in the soil continuum in the area of plant roots in an amount necessary for plant nutrition with high quality soil solution. Copying natural hydrological regime the obsolete irrigation technologies causes an uncontrollable mass-transfer in the soil continuum and vadose zone, violation of geochemical barriers, degradation of soil and landscape. The crisis is due to the inability to control irrigation biogeosystems. An old irrigation paradigm gives the long-term negative result. Due to systemic irrigation defects in the world ecological humanitarian disasters occur. Modernization of irrigation has been slow and is aimed at partial improvement technology within the old paradigm. Water consumption of standard irrigation is of 5-15 times more than empirically assessed need of plant, in its turn, this calculated water demand is overestimated for 2-3 times concerning the biologically based need of plants for water. Excess water consumption is dangerous because the standard methods of hydrological forecasting now reviewing a fall. The problem of hydrological regime of pedosphere managing as the main component of the Irrigation paradigm and Water Strategy of the world has not yet been solved. The synthesis requires of a new irrigation technology platform - delete the currently accepted range of iriigation thermodynamic potential of water from 0.0 to -0.03 MPa, providing a range of stomatal regulation of transpiration from -0.2 MPa to -0.5 MPa. For ecologically meaningful management of biosphere is proposed the biogeosystem technique. Within the framework of biogeosystem technique the new intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete irrigation paradigm is proposed, the configuration of artifacts for its implementation too. It provides a controlled dissipation of discrete water volumes inside the soil continuum. The new paradigm excludes irrigation mass-transfer, excessive soil moisture, evaporation, loss of water to the vadose zone, soil degradation, destruction of geochemical barriers. By providing the stomatal regulation of transpiration regime the demand for water for irrigation is less up to 10-30 times compared to standard irrigation. The new paradigm of irrigation can be implemented on the basis of robotic systems that will save resources and energy for irrigation for 20-30 times. New intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete irrigation paradigm is the basis of a new world water strategy.

133-149

Authors: Leonid V. Berezin

Set out new principles for the implementation of the basic processing of complex arrays of soil with solonetz and other soils of low fertility. The possibility proposed of soil dispersed system and evolution controlling in terms of landscape-reclamation system of agriculture that provides long-term increase of soil biological productivity. Outlined the features and effectiveness of the new technology of reclamation soil treatment. Deep tillage is combined with introduction of organic substances into the subsurface layer of soil. Followed by a fine seedbed preparation for sowing. Is developed the basis for a new paradigm of tillage.

163-173

Authors: Fedor N. Lisetskii, Jeanne A. Buryak, Alla V. Zemlyakova, Vitaly I. Pichura

Experience in developing the concept of basin organization nature use, which is being implemented throughout the territory of one of the subjects of the Russian Federation (Belgorod region), was represented. On the basis of hydrological and geographical typing 65 river basins of the region determine the feasibility of mining the four basic models of basin organization nature use with varying efficiency unit of soil and water protection measures. As a result geoplanning of basin landscape structure reorganized the structure of agricultural land in relation to topography and soils (adaptive land management) and to enhance the efficiency of regional ecological framework in the agrolandscape, which resulted in a compromise between economic efficiency land use and environmental stability of the territory. Results geoplanning of rural territories to the basin principle show the fundamental possibility of overcoming the most critical imbalances in the current structure of the land fund.

182-190

Authors: Evgeny Shein, Evgeny Milanovskiy

Soil organic matter plays a leading role in the soil structure formation, especially in soil water stability soil properties. This is the most important property of soils on which depend the basic ecological functions of soil in the biosphere. However, so far unknown mechanism of formation of the soil structure, the soil water stability properties and value of soil organic matter in this processes. A physical reasonable hypothesis of formation water stable aggregate structure of chernozemic soils, based on the amphiphilic properties of soil organic matter, is proposed. Water stability of the aggregate structure is directly related to the surface properties of elementary soil particles (ESP) in the solid phase (SP) of the soil. In the case of elementary soil particles (ESP) hydrophilicity, water flows through the capillaries in the dry aggregate and leads to an increase of water pressure in the aggregate and its destruction. When ESP are hydrophobic, water and ions cannot get into the aggregate, and the "dead space" is created. Two forms of organic substances determine ESP architecture of soil aggregate and a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface properties of solid phase. Organic compounds adsorbed on the surface of mineral ESP provide film moisture migration, and hydrophobic organic ESP localized in the pore space of the aggregate provide the water repellent function and prevent the rapid migration of capillary moisture in the soil pore space.

4-19

Authors: Valery Kalinichenko

Imitating land use is dangerous for the biosphere, increases natural and anthropogenic uncertainty of geospheres and climate. Pedosphere is experiencing the negative impact of farming, which causes soil degradation. To optimize the dispersion system of pedosphere, increase the biological capacity and productivity is prompted the scientific and technical branch Biogeosystem Technique. Is considered one of the technical solutions of the biogeosystem technique – milling device for subsurface soil treatment, which allows to synthesize into soil the disperse system from the material of illuvial and transition horizons. The penetration capacity of the soil increases. Aggregate composition of the soil after treatment consist of 1-3 mm fraction, which in the long-term action of reclamation formed valuable soil structure. Soil freely accepts any precipitation. Reactions in the soil absorption complex accelerates. Readily soluble salts leached. 40 years after the milling soil reclamation an amount of humus in the layer 20-40 cm reaches 3.3%, in the layer 20-40 cm 2.4 %, no signs of eluvial-illuvial pedogenesis. Increase of the crop yields is up to 25-40 % to the level of standard technology of soil improvement for the entire period of observation. Return on standard technology agronomy 22.4, reclamation standard technology 22.9, technology of subsurface soil milling 57.1 %. The new transcendental quality of pedosphere is synthesized, the new vector is obtained of controlled biosphere evolution, A long-term increase is achieved of the soil biological productivity. The long-term horizon is proposed of strategic planning in the biosphere.

30-40

Authors: Leonid V. Berezin

The article explains the need for a new direction in farming systems. Instead the zonal system of agriculture in recent years is introduced the adaptive-landscape system of agriculture. It is proposed to expand the range of possible options of the adaptive-landscape system of agriculture on the principles of adaptive landscape and reclamation system of agriculture (ALRSA) that will transform agriculture in Russia and other countries, were arable land has a significant share of soils of low fertility. ALRSA is a systematic regular use of materials of remote sensing of the Earth by devices of high resolution (less than 10 m), the maximum differentiation of components of agricultural technologies to the land fund elements in order to ensure the protection and reproduction by environmentally safe soil reclamation.

50-57

Authors: Victor A. Chaplygin, Tatiana M. Minkina, Saglara S. Mandzhieva, Svetlana N. Sushkova, Olga G. Nazarenko, Galina V. Motuzova

The influence of emissions of Novocherkassk Power Stationon Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni and Pb content in grassy plants and the soil by results of long-term monitoring researches is established. Dependence of accumulation of elements on distance on the enterprise, properties of soils and existence of additional sources of technogenicpollution is shown. Pollution of plants by Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb, and also pollution of soils by Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb is observed. Mn is set for the greatest absolute content in the soil, and for Zn - in plants.

69-84

Authors: Valery I. Glazko

The particularity of modern stage of agriecosystems, which demonstrated the crisis of agricultural civilization development throughout extensive way were considered. It was shown, how on the basis of modern possibilities of gene and genomic technologies, which linked with the geoinformation systems, it was possible to identify the genes involved in adaptations. The possibilities of agriculture intensification with the revealing and using the connections between gene pools of cultural plants and farm animals and the ecological-geographical features of their reproduction.

89-96

Authors: Evgeny V. Shein, Natalia S. Kukharuk, Sofia S. Panina

Soil water retention curve (WRC) - the most important hydrological characteristics of soils, which determines the movement of moisture and soluble substances in soils. This relationship between soil moisture and capillary pressure of moisture, is included in all forecasting mathematical models of moisture movement in the soils. To assess the adequacy of model calculations with using the WRC, obtained by different methods, WRC was defined by experimental laboratory methods, or was calculated by using pedotransfer functions (PTF). Then the calculated data and field nature experiments on the movement of moisture were compared with. The precision of moisture movement modeling in the soil was significantly determined by the method of obtaining WRC. The results of the experimental modeling of soils water regime, significantly the results of the simulation were located in the following descending order of precision: regional PTF > WRC (water retention curve), obtained by the method of sand-kaolin boxes > WRC, obtained using capillarimeters > PTF used in the program Agrotool (on the basis of the experimentally obtained hydrological constants) > PTF using as predictor of granulometric structure (from the data base ROSETTA) > WRC obtained using the centrifuge method > PTF based on Voronin’s «secants». It is recommended to create regional hydrophysical data base to calculate pedotransfer functions for forecasting modeling of soil water movement.