Biogeosystem Technique

99-114

Authors: Valery I. Glazko, Tatiana T. Glazko

"Domestication genes" of grain and modern ideas of its evolution patterns were overviewed. The role of gene duplications, transpositions in the divergence of the genomes were discussed. On the example of the more "compact" genome of rice between genomes of grain crops, the most studied from a genetic point of view, the accumulated data on the close link between the resistance genes to abiotic and biotic environmental stress factors and key genes which control the developmental processes in plants were analyzed. The data about the high level of selective pressure in areas of localization of target genes of artificial selection, as well as participation in the variability of such areas transposone elements were presented. The relationship between exogenous and endogenous retroviruses, the origins of such blocks of regulatory elements, as microRNAs clusters, were discussed. The hypothesis of accelerated evolution of genes involved in the processes of domestication, based on the increased frequency of transposon integration in the actively transcribed genomic regions was supposed. The presence of correlations between integration of proviruses DNA and resistance to retroviral infections, as well as elevated frequencies of recombination in areas of high density of transposon localization was considered. Possible genetic mechanisms of domestication associated with increased frequency of retrovirus infection and provirus integration in host genomes in the actively transcribed genomic regions as sourses on new genes and regulation elements were discussed.

145-159

Authors: Elena I. Ergina, Olga S. Bezuglova

The basic thermodynamic and energetic characteristics of chernozems and soil-forming rocks of the Azov region and the Crimean Peninsula have been studied, which testify to the unity of their genetic development during the formation on similar rocks. The energy and thermodynamic characteristics of chernozems and parent rocks of the Northern Azov and the Crimean peninsula were calculated based on the results of analyzes of bulk contents of the mineral part of soil with the use of literature and experimental data. The determination of bulk contents were carried out by X-ray fluorescence. Crystal lattice energy values in the studied chernozems vary over a fairly wide range of from 9948 to 17847 kJ/g; Gibbs energy – from 955 to 1,325 kJ/g. Entropy value is in the range 51–66 kJ/g deg. This indicates a fairly high energy reserves, as well as relatively high variability of energy and thermodynamic parameters. The highest values of the crystal lattice energies and the Gibbs energy are inherent in chernozems of the Crimean peninsula - calcareous foothill chernozems, smaller – southern chernozems. Chernozems of the Rostov region are intermediate for these parameters and lowest values were determined for thin chernozems of the Crimean peninsula, formed on the dense limestone. From the thermodynamic point of view, a substantiated claim has been proposed that the stages of soil ontogeny are directly dependent on the thermodynamic and energetic properties of the parent material. The highest values of the thermodynamic parameters of the soil are found in the chernozems of the Crimean peninsula - calcareous foothill chernozems and southern chernozems of lowland areas. Ordinary black calcareous Rostov region occupy an intermediate position based on these parameters. The lowest values of these parameters are typical for thin calcareous southern chernozems of Crimea.

175-191

Authors: Alexander Zhuykov

The article presents the results of years of research of phytosanitary and phytoreclamation properties of different types of mustard (grey, white and black) in the context of their positive impact on water-physical characteristics of soils in the zone of cultivation, the development of the ecological balance of agro-landscapes, the degree of occupation of agrophytocenoses weeds, pests and pathogens, yield the most characteristic areas of cultivation of field crops. The conclusion about the positive impact of the introduction of the culture of mustard in crop rotations in the southern Steppe of Ukraine, primarily through optimization of reclamation and the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses, which is confirmed by experimental results (permeability to water of solum of livery soil rose on 43,7–59,1 %, the substantial is marked declines of level of staggered of agrocenosеs of the winter wheat sown after mustard, by illnesses on 17,6–42,1 %, populated by wreckers on 2,1–8,4 pcs/m2, by weeds – on 2,2–3,8 pcs/m2). The analysis of experimental data testifies to possibility of estimation of types of mustard as excellent predecessors for absolute majority of cultures characteristic for the crop rotations of South of Ukraine (except for the representatives of family of Brassicacea) – on the average for years realization of researches, productivity of the field cultures sown after mustard, 108,3–124,7 % made from the middle productivity on the farm. It is also proven the real possibility of obtaining in non-irrigated conditions the yield of certified seeds of mustard at the level of 0,9–1,3 t/ha with quality indicators that meet the requirements to food raw materials use. Also experimentally proved the use of culture as an excellent honey plant, capable of providing charges from 1 ha of sowing to production of 1,15 ton of honey.