Biogeosystem Technique

159-196

Authors: Alexey P. Glinushkin, Valery N. Kudeyarov, Michael S. Sokolov, Vladimir E. Zinchenko, Vladimir V. Chernenko

Soil fertility is associated with the soil health, which determines the environment-forming (ecological) functions of the terrestrial-soil ecosystem – biological quality of products, and minimized eco- and sociosphere eco-toxic load. In the current conflict of the biosphere and technogenesis, it is important to avoid the increasing evolutionary risks associated primarily with the negative consequences of the global socio-environmental problem. For this a predictable co-evolution of technosphere (noosphere) and biosphere is the most acceptable wayout. In this regard, the development of fundamentally new nature-similar solutions and technologies in relation to balance – pools, drivers, fluxes – of the most important biophilic elements (carbon and other) is relevant. Today, the ability to control the carbon cycle in agrosphere is very limited. In addition, the data on this balance calculated via different models differ significantly. Apparently, it is most realistic to intensify carbon sink into the terrestrial-soil ecosystem. The technological potential for Balance enrichment of C capture and storage (BECCS) currently looks truncated due to traditional approach to ecosphere management. The nutrients (in particular, nitrogen) that are introduced into the soil in large quantities are largely eliminated from the root layer due to leaching and/or volatilization. In general, the agrogeochemical balance of NPK in the soils of Russia is very unfavorable, largely due to the systematic surplus exports of mineral fertilizers abroad. With the soil improvement and optimization of the most important crops mineral nutrition, the country in the nearest future can become a leader of the food exporters. It is necessary to rethink the interaction of socium with biosphere as well as with most important component of biosphere, the pedosphere. As a new development paradigm, “Biogeosystem Technique” was proposed – an innovative scientific and technological direction as a framework of nature-similar algorithms, technologies and technical solutions. One of this is a soil aggregates and biogeochemical cycle management in order to create the nature-similar biogeosystems with transcendental properties. The principle proposed of soil reclamation via the milling of illuvial horizon (layer 20–45 cm), which ensures the growth of agrocenosis productivity and achieving the consistently high economic indicators for a long period. A new nature-similar water strategy of Biogeosystem Technique is proposed – the intra-soil continual-discrete humidification paradigm. In the supply phase, water is injected into the soil in a controlled dose, distributed in a vertical primary moistening cylinder at a depth of 10–40 cm. Subsequently, moisture from the primary moistening cylinder is redistributed by capillary, film, and vapor transfer. The proposed humidification technology eliminates the loss of water, its negative excess effect on the soil and agrolandscape, typical for standard irrigation. A nature-similar technology for mineral and organic wastes recycling has been proposed and substantiated, ensuring (simultaneously with a 20–45 cm layer intra-soil milling) the in-situ synthesis of meliorating and fertilizer substances. The developed artificial geophysical aggregate system ("soil – waste") is a priority recycling substrate. As a result, the phytoimmune status of the soil is optimized, its bioremediation is ensured, and a phytosanitary situation in the agrophytocenosis is improved. Thus, the controlled coevolutionary intensification of the agrosphere by the methods of Biogeosystem Technique will ensure an effective implementation of the state strategic programs for development of nature-similar technologies. This will improve the quality of life of the population, and a real solution to the global socio-environmental problem will provide the additional biofuels, raw materials and food production, the sustainability of biosphere will be increased by implementation of biodiversity saving, agriculture biologizing, and soil-protective strategy.

213-228

Authors: Anton O. Nigten

During the last 200 years the idea became paramount that crops grow well on inorganic artificial fertilizers. After World War two there was a high pressure in the USA and Western Europe to stop investigating other forms of plant feeding. At the end of the 19th century there was the controversy between Béchamp and Pasteur about microbes. Béchamp defended the idea that the circumstances create diseases in plants and animals, and Pasteur was of the opinion that it was mere accident. Pasteur won, but not on scientific grounds. During these 200 years the debate never stopped completely. Inorganic fertilizing with a strong focus on nitrogen, potassium and phosphor led to crops which were more and more out of balance. A reaction was unavoidable. Many scientists concentrated their efforts on the risks of unbalanced crops. Especially for cattle. But only few scientists translated these findings into the risks for humans. Other groups found out that the ideas of Pasteur on microbes were incorrect. Microbes attack higher organisms when the macro elements are not in balance and nitrogen is not converted into proteins. In this paper I tried to investigate the risks of the dominant paradigm in the science of feed and nutrition with regard to fertilizing and health. I developed optimal rations for the macro elements potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphor. And with these optimal ratios we can see where things go wrong. Through the quality of the feed and fodder the quality of the milk has gone down, and the risk of mastitis has gone up, and important crops like potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are not in balance and have lost their natural resistance, their qualities and their taste. As a consequence in many countries people don’t get enough magnesium – the key element for staying healthy. In most of the food research the role of magnesium is completely ignored. The second line is about the role of the microbes in health and disease. The recent research regarding the role of viroids in our cells starts where the work of Béchamp ended. Only a small group of scientists continued finding out about the role of microbes smaller than bacteria. There was a special focus on their role in cancer. But with the recent findings of Pradeu and his colleagues about their role in supporting our health the focus is back on their unmissable role in the health of plants, animals and men. The main question is when and why these symbiontic viroids stop being symbiontic and start being pathogenic. The balanced minerals and trace elements are the main clue.