INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

1-12

Authors: Prateek Shrivastava*1 , Khemraj Deshmukh2

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach is used over genetic algorithms (GAS) to solve many of the same kinds of problems. This optimization technique does not suffer, however, from some of GA’s difficulties; interaction in the group enhances rather than detracts from progress toward the solution. Further, a particle swarm system has memory, which the genetic algorithm does not have. In particle swarm optimization, individuals who fly past optima are tugged to return toward them; knowledge of good solutions is retained by all particles. The genetic algorithm works with the concept of chromosomes having gene where each gene act as a block of one solution. This is totally based on the solution which is followed by crossover and then mutation and finally reaches to fitness. The best fitness will be considered as a result and implemented in the practical area. Due to some drawbacks and problems exist in the genetic algorithm implemented, scientists moved to the other algorithm technique which is apparently based on the flock of birds moving to the target. This effectively overcome the shortcomings of GA and provides better fitness solutions to implement in the circuit

27-38

Authors: Ms. Tripti Chopra *1, CA Punit Kakrecha

Change is necessary for every organization to survive. Companies and organizations have taken so many steps to remain competent with the changing environment. This change has also brought some side effects which are causing damage to environment. Bank is also one of those organizations which are causing damage to the environment. However bank is not causing so much damage to the environment directly. The internal operations of the banks are considered to be non-polluting. But somehow banks are associated with harming environment because it is connected to the industries like paper, steel, chemicals, cement, power, fertilizers, textiles etc.

42-47

Authors: Manasvi Shrivastav *1 , Dr. Anuradha Kotnala

difficult to disentangle, however some have claimed the meaning is "the one who over-stands" or "the one who is not progressive." Dictionary definitions of superstition mainly point out the irrationality of this phenomenon, superstitious people’s ignorance, and a fear of unknown. There are several definitions on superstition, but researchers agree on the fact that superstitions are beliefs or behaviour that is contrary to rational norms within a specific society. In American Heritage Dictionary definition cited by Kramer and Block (2008), Superstition is defined as “beliefs that are inconsistent with known laws of nature or with – what is generally considered rational in a society.”