Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics

1-35

Authors: Mohammed Bakkar, Hafid El Khaddar, Lahcen El Meskine, Ahmed Chakir

In light of studying the social entrepreneurship ecosystem in Morocco, this paper aims at providing a summary regarding a range of characteristics and entrepreneurial traits among cooperatives’ members (co-operators). It is also about interpreting the faculty of existing literature to examine motives and antecedents leading to the development and the maintenance of entrepreneurial spirit among co-operators. The methodology followed is based on Geert Hofstede’s (1980, 1994) empirical framework regarding national cultures as well as the research of both Bachelet et al (2005), and Shepherd & Douglas (1997) as regards to the impact of psychological and socio-cultural factors on entrepreneurs’ personality and spirit. Cooperatives business is in an area of growing significance in Morocco. Nowadays we count more than 27000 cooperatives (15000 in 2015) where the regions of south have the major concentration of cooperatives (35%). The main source of data was collected through regional co-operators quantitative survey conducted among a group of 15 southern cooperatives in various sectors involving 114 co-operators. Investigated topics and chosen variables were decided beforehand, through a national expert's survey, and conducting interviews with 24 national experts in fields related to cooperative entrepreneurship. This is in order to having their perspectives on relevant co-operators framework settings, motivations, skills, personal traits, etc. Based on the respondents’ answers, we’ve tried to understand the type of organizational culture within their specific entities. The results emphasized the preeminence of collective culture, a low aversion to risk and synchronous behavior towards time as well as the positive impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy motivations such as working within a team and seizing opportunities. Outcomes underline the importance of social environment on the entrepreneurial expression concerning co-operants, as well as significant attitudes variables such as autonomy, initiative and need for fulfillment. The study recommends that co-operators should identify their unique behavior, explore ways to improve and get additional skills that will help them become more proactive towards issues of their domain. Overall, this paper provides one of a few projections of entrepreneurship assumptions on cooperatives field in Morocco and offered one glimpse into nature of cooperative members in the country. We expect this may help researchers, practitioners and policy-makers understand possible improvement opportunities for cooperative field and social entrepreneurship in general.

93-119

Authors: Kenny Quah Chee Keong, Kavigtha Mohan Kumar, Ghazanfar A Abbasi

The purpose of this research is to unearth the factors which affect consumers attitude and their intention to purchase remanufactured goods in an emerging country like Malaysia. Thus, the proposed research model used in this study was grounded on the most frequently applied model, i.e. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and was further extended by integrating constructs like perceived knowledge, perceived risk and perceived benefit along with the original TPB constructs namely attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. The data was collected from 253 Malaysian consumers, primarily working adults with a steady income who have purchasing and absolute power over their choices of consumer electronics, specifically remanufactured products. The outcomes propose treasured understandings about the importance of studied constructs and how these constructs are indispensable in shaping positive behaviour towards acceptance of remanufactured products. Thereby, regulative bodies, remanufacturer, educators, government institutions, non-profit organizations and industry players could joint effort to raise awareness among Malaysian consumers towards sustainability and to encourage their attitude and behavioural intention towards remanufactured products. This research is one of the very few empirical researches endeavoured to evaluate Malaysian consumer’s attitude and purchase intention towards remanufactured products.

154-174

Authors: Rajendran Muthuveloo, Ai Ping Teoh

Organisational sustainability has become a major issue as organisations are struggling to achieve their targeted performance due to a dynamic business environment driven towards Industry 4.0 via technological advancement. Under such circumstances, it is a challenge for organisations to achieve the strategic agility needed for a fluid corporate strategy to manage the current disruptive business environment. To achieve optimal organisational performance, organisations must be efficient in managing time, money, and energy. The I-TOP Strategic Agility model is a very fluid model that helps organisations achieve strategic agility which is needed to manage the environmental dynamism. Optimising the return on investment (ROI) is crucial for organisational performance and sustainability. This can be achieved through the dimensions of the I-TOP Strategic Agility model called Technology Infinite Possibilities, Outright Environmental Scanning, and People-Human Capital Development. Organisations that utilise this model would be able to attain the strategic agility needed as the trendsetter and achieve business sustainability.

196-218

Authors: David Leong

The space within which the entrepreneurs exist is filled with risks, opportunities and other environmental resources. Scholars have argued that entrepreneurs are constantly discovering and identifying value potentials because significant values arise from the existence of positive externalities which can be captured and exploited. Positive externalities or opportunities can create substantial and desirable gains if they can be monetized, leveraged and exploited. These externalities refer to the natural environmental resources within the space where the entrepreneurs operate. From the perspective of space, this paper will explore the emergence of opportunities or risks within the space through the theoretical lens of structuration and complex science and will, specifically, discuss the collision and the meeting of opportunities with the entrepreneurs at the nexus from the perspective of entrepreneurial energy excitation. Entrepreneurship originates from a nexus of individuals and opportunities. The unique juncture in space or nexus in which the entrepreneurs and opportunities exist is central to the study of entrepreneurship because it is in this juncture or nexus that identification and evaluation of risks and opportunities take place. It is the subsequent human actions, driven by the level of entrepreneurial energy that will lead to the myriad of possible venture pathways. For risks, entrepreneurs perceive them and will subsequently work towards mitigation or avoidance through various measures. The exploitation of opportunities is concerned with acquiring and employing resources in the space to gain certain advantages. Likewise, with risks, entrepreneurs perceive the risks and work towards the mitigation or avoidance of the perceived risk in the venture pathways. In this paper, entrepreneurship is viewed through the structuration and complexity science lens to present the entrepreneurial venture as the instantiated outcome of the entrepreneur–opportunity interaction through time and space. Complexity science offers a theoretical lens for exploring the complex interdependencies of a complex, and adaptive pluralistic world with irreversibility and randomness being the rules- dynamical systems in the natural and physical worlds. The key central concept of complexity is that interactivities between parts of open systems that creates unpredictable and seemingly random patterns. While the history of the open system is relevant in understanding its dynamics, the specific isolation of individual parts of the system does not reveal the system's casual mechanisms. The paper explores whether how entrepreneurial energy arises from the convergence/ collision of entrepreneurs with opportunities in a dynamical, unpredictable and random way in a nexus in space.

1-14

Authors: Constantinos Challoumis

This paper is about the costs of the enterprises to the tax system. Thence, we have an analysis of the impact factor of the tax revenues of the countries subject to the costs of companies on the tax system. Thereupon from the view of the level of influence of the enterprises which participate in controlled transactions of transfer pricing to the global tax revenue, it is plausible to identify the impact factor of costs, when there exists that factor with the case which that factor is avoided. The impact factor of costs in combination with the tax revenues is determined through the Q.E. method and the R.B.Q. model. Inasmuch as, is defined as the behavior of the tax system subject to the capital of the tax system. Then a quantitative simulation is used as a methodology for this work, to define the impact of costs on the enterprises.

54-76

Authors: Dung Nguyen-Van, Chia-Hua Chang

The study explores the direct effects of organizational innovation and R&D (research and development) and the complementary effect of these two factors on the likelihood of innovation at a higher degree of radicalness in ASEAN. This research focus is important as little is known about the role of organizational innovation and the combination of this type of innovation with R&D for product innovation efforts. The study uses cross-sectional data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey in 2015-2016 and a generalized ordered logit model to address the common limitation of the standard ordered logit model in estimation. The findings show that both organizational innovation and R&D have significantly positive effects on the possibility of innovation at a higher degree of radicalness. The positive complementary effect of organizational innovation and R&D is also supported. The practical implications emphasize that ASEAN firms should devote more resources to organizational innovation and R&D to boost their product innovation performance.

89-120

Authors: Fatemeh Sharafi Farzad, Yashar Salamzadeh, Azlan Bin Amran, Ashkan Hafezalkotob

We know that saving lives of people is the most important issue during COVID-19 crisis, but we should not forget that due to this crisis, the quality of life for many people will change and new social needs will appear and we must be prepared for that. The main purpose of this research is to find out the areas, which are the most affected ones by the pandemic and have a direct impact on citizens’ lives. This research is a quantitative study, which plans to use the opinions of business and management graduates in Iran to present the status of affected fields of better life index by COVID-19 crisis. A fuzzy TOPSIS method is used here to do this ranking. This research has ranked the most affected indicators of better life index by COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the profile of this impact including the indicators of better life index and their change is also presented in this research. We found out that most affected indicators are Income, jobs, health, life satisfaction and education, respectively. The output of this research can be used for policy makers to start providing support on policies, infrastructures and social innovations on the most affected dimensions in order to reduce the impact of this pandemic on citizens’ everyday life and their quality of life. Also using fuzzy TOPSIS in recognizing the most affected dimensions of quality of life of citizens is a theoretical implication of this research for similar ideas of future researchers. This study is a pioneer in investigating the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on dimensions of life quality of citizens. Also linking the better life index, as a comprehensive index, which has a direct impact on people’s lives to social innovation is another novelty of this research. As it opens a new window for social innovators to know how they can use their innovation capacity to have higher impact on society by shedding light on the main challenges occurred in people’s lives. In this research we have decided to use primary data on perceptions of citizens as waiting to get the official secondary data might take long and, on that time, we might be deep in these societal problems and it might be late to make new directions on them.

144-179

Authors: Norfarah Nordin, Siti-Nabiha Abdul Khalid, Nader Ale Ibrahim, Mohd Ali Samsudin

There is a wide collection of journal articles and academic discourse on family firms’ social capital. However, the focus on the comprehensive synthesis of the collections is limited. The lack of efforts to synthesize the issue of family firms’ social capital focuses on emerging economies further limiting the utility of the literature. Despite the various differences between family firms in developed and emerging economies; no attempt was undertaken to separate the different insights and issues between the two different contexts. Thus, this article focusing on emerging economies is an attempt to bridge this gap in the literature. Consequently, to provide a review on researches that focus on family firm’s social capital in emerging economies, Bibliometric analysis is used to provide quantitative insights. The qualitative insights are generated from a systematic literature review. Journal articles are retrieved as data to achieve these objectives. The time frame of literature extraction is from 1960 to the year 2018. Data is extracted from WOS and Scopus indexed database yielding 288 documents. After manual scrutinizing the content, only 31 (10.8%) of the cited literature is on the family firm social capital related issue. The paper finds that there is an increasing trend in the number of family firms’ social capital study in the context of the emerging economies. The highly cited articles are published by Deephouse and Jaskiewicz (2013) in the Journal of Management Studies with 179 citations, and Khavul et al. (2009) in the Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice with 140 citations. The findings provide a collection of evidence about the focus, variables, and theories used from credible sources of the family firms’ social capital studies.