INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

772-776

Authors: Dr. Syed Fasih Ahmed Hashmi1 , Dr. Mashooq Ali Dasti1 , Dr. Ghulam Mehdi Jamro2 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon3 , Dr Ramon A. Docobo4 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch4

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of hypertensive emergency and cardiac target organ damage at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This descriptive case series of one year was conducted from 01 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 in the department of cardiology at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. The inclusion criteria of the study were patients ≥30 years of age, either gender with systolic blood pressure of ≥180mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 110 mm Hg have evidence of target organ damage, either clinically or investigation (imaging i.e. on ECG and ECHO) findings. The frequency and percentages were computed and the mean ±SD was also calculated. RESULTS: During one year study period total fifty patients were detected as hypertensive emergency. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 58.98±7.84 while the mean ±SD for systolic and diastolic blood pressure for whole population was 210 ± 10 mm Hg and 120 ± 8 mmHg respectively. Majority of the patients belonged to urban population (65%) and were male population 35 (70%), the common identified symptoms were neurological deficit 20 (40%), headache 40 (80%) and shortness of breath 15 (30%). The known hypertensive, diabetic, smokers, obese and dyslipidemic were 30 (60%), 35 (70%), 30 (60%), 28 (36%) and 25 (50%). On chest X-ray cardiomegaly was identified in 15 (30%), common electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings were ST/T wave changes 20 (40%), left ventricular hypotrophy 15(30%) and regional wall motion abnormality 13 (26%). The cardiac target organ damage detected were acute myocardial infarction (16%), left ventricular failure (16%) and acute MI and LVF (16%) while the mortality was observed in 8(16%) patients respectively. CONCLUSION: Majority of subjects presented with hypertensive emergency had fifth and sixth decades of age with male gender and known hypertensive population predominance. Keywords: Hypertensive emergency, Target organ damage, Hypertension

783-786

Authors: Dr. Farzana Shaikh1* , Dr. Shazia Memon1 , Dr. Yasmeen Memon1 , Dr. Abdul Hameed1 , Dr. Mohammad Akbar Nizamani 1 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of low birth weight babies born at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad PATIENTS AND METHODS: This Descriptive study (case series) of six months was conducted at Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics and Neonatal unit of pediatric department LUH Hyderabad. The low birth weight was defined as less than 2500 g. In this study, 1511 babies were born during study period and 565 (37.4%) of them were LBW. Out of these 565 LBW babies, 237 (41.9%) babies with one or more problems were admitted in neonatal unit at Pediatric department LUH Hyderabad for evaluation of immediate problems and their data was collected on preformed proforma by principal researcher and analyzed using SPSS version-10. RESULTS: Out of total 1511 deliveries at LUH Hyderabad, 565 newborn were LBW giving prevalence of 37.4%. Out of these 565 LBW, male newborn were 55.8% and females were 44.2%, full term LBW were 61.2% while 38.8% were preterm LBW and 67.4% were small for gestational age (SGA) while 32.6% were appropriate for gestational age (AGA). 69.2% had birth weight 2500-1500 g. Babies with birth weight 1499-1000 g and 999-750 g included 27.8% and 3.0% respectively out of these 565 LBW babies. CONCLUSION: Our study showed increased prevalence of low birth weight (37.4%) as compared to general population (25.0%). low birth weight was common in males and majority of LBW infants were SGA and full-term. Key Words: Low birth weight, Small for gestational age, Appropriate for gestational age

793-801

Authors: Swathi G *1 , K. P. R. Chowdary2 and A. Muralidhar Rao

The objective of the present study is optimization of valsartan floating tablet formulation by 23 factorial design. Floating tablets of valsartan (80 mg) were formulated employing Cross linked starch-urea, a new modified starch (50 %) as matrix forming polymer, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent and beeswax and starch acetate as floating enhancers. Valsartan is an orally active anti-hypertensive drug, majorly absorbed from stomach and upper small intestine. Formulation of sustained release floating tablets of valsartan is needed because of its poor oral bioavailability and short biological half-life. Valsartan floating tablets were formulated as per 23 factorial design and were evaluated. The individual effects of sodium bicarbonate (Factor A) and starch acetate (Factor C) and their combined effect (AC) on the floating lag time were significant (P < 0.05).Whereas the individual effect of bees wax (Factor B) and all other combined effects of the three factors involved were not significant in influencing floating lag time of the tablets. Formulations Fa, Fab, Fac and Fabc exhibited excellent floating over more than 12 h with a floating lag time in the range 12-40 seconds. Higher levels (20 %) of sodium bicarbonate gave shorter floating lag time. Valsartan release from the floating tablets prepared except formulation Fa was slow and spread over 12 h and dependent on the composition of the tablets. Drug release from formulation Fa was very rapid. Valsartan release from the floating tablets was by non-fickian diffusion mechanism in all the cases except Fa. In the case of formulation Fa that gave rapid release of drug fickian diffusion was the drug release mechanism. Optimization of valsartan floating tablet formulation was done taking floating lag time as the parameter for optimization. The polynomial equation describing the relationship between the response, Y and the variables, X1 , X 2 and X3 based on the observed data was found to be Y = 8.996 - 8.596 (X1) + 2.396 (X2) – 2.431 (X1 X2) + 0.561 (X3) - 0.521 (X1 X3) + 0.396 (X2 X3) - 0.271 (X1 X2 X3).Based on the polynomial equation developed, the optimized valsartan floating tablet formulation with a floating lag time of 20 seconds could be formulated employing sodium bicarbonate (160mg/tablet), beeswax (28mg/tablet) and starch acetate (10mg/tablet). The optimized formulation (Fopt) exhibited a floating time of 12-14 h with a lag time of 21 seconds fulfilling the target floating lag time set indicating validity of the optimization technique employed. Key words: Cross Linked starch Urea, Floating tablets, Valsartan, Optimization, Factorial design, Sustained release.

808-814

Authors: Shubham S Gaikwad1 and Amit Gupta* 1

As per the literature, medicinal plants are used in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases including Swine flu. The therapeutic properties of various medicinal plant products are reported and also showed structure activity relationship of some important and potentially useful plant based formulations for preclinical or clinical evaluation. In-depth information of these medicinal plant products which provides lot of information about some active components and used in the form of antioxidants, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, analgesic, anticancer, antidepressant, antiasthma, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agents and also used as immunomodulators. In view of this, we focused on one of these diseases especially Swine flu that are highly prevalent in India. In 2015-2016, lot of swine flu cases were reported and few of them were survived after treatment. Recently, researchers start focusing on various medicinal plant products in order to reduce the burden of infectious disease i.e. swine flu. In the present study, we mentioned about some medicinal plants that are required for eliminating swine flu disease. Key words: Medicinal plants; swine flu; infectious disease

823-829

Authors: Dr. Mukhtiar Hussain Jaffery1 *, Dr. Akber Yousfani1 , Dr. Farzana Shaikh2 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon3 , Dr. Mohammad Nawaf Sadeddin 4 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, etiology, outcome of hyponatremia at tertiary care hospital PATIENTS AND METHODS: The one year cross sectional survey was conducted from 01 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. The inclusion criteria of the study were hospitalized patients due to any illness for ≥ 07 days, of ≥12 years of age either gender were be recruited. The serum sodium levels was checked at admission, every day during and then as and when indicated and the serum sodium value <130 mmol/l was labeled as low or hyponatremia while the value <125 mmol /l was labeled as severe hyponatremia. The frequency and percentages (%) was computed while the mean ± SD for also calculated for numerical variables. RESULTS: Total 87 hyponatremic individuals were rationalized during one year study period. The mean ±SD for age and serum sodium level for whole population was 58.97±8.64 and 127.31±3.52 respectively. The treatment was initialized. The symptomatic patients were managed by IV hypertonic saline with rate and dose calculation followed by oral salt supplementation. Ten patients (19%) hyponatremic subjects expired during hospitalization whereas no any case of central pontine myelinolysis was detected in our study population. The hyponatremia was identified in 52 (59.7%) with male gender predominance 32 (61.5%). The common etiological factors detected were GI fluid loss 12 (13.8%), CVA 10 (11.5%), lungs abscess 11 (12.6%) and renal failure 10 (11.5%) respectively. The mild, moderate and severe hyponatremia was detected in 17 (32.7%), 24 (46.2%) and 11 (21.2%). CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia is fairly common in patients admitted in emergency wards Keywords: Hyponatremia, Sodium, Electrolytes

834-839

Authors: CH.V.S Gautam* , M. Rekha, P. Mourya, S. Sukanya, Habeeba Unissa

In our present work we are going to find out weather Ethanol and DMSO extracts of A.Vera gel has antibacterial and anti fungal activity and to test it on few species of bacteria and fungi by measuring their zone of inhibition by cup plate method. The bacterial strains which we have used were.Bacillus subtilis and Sallmonella typhi. The fungal strains which we have used were Aspergillus fumigates and Pencillium notatum.The ethanolic extract showed greater antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to DMSO extract of aloe vera. The study suggests the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the A. vera gel extract to be dependant on the synergistic effect of different compounds. With the broad spectral antimicrobial and antifungal effect of A. vera gel, it could be further recommended in the treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases. Keywords: Aloe vera, Dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO),Synergistic effect.

852-860

Authors: M. J. Ansari1* , M. M. Ahmed 1 , M.K. Anwer1 , S. Jamil1 , A. Alailaiwe1 , A.S. Alshetaili1 , R. Shdefat1, 2 , R. Ali3 , F. Shakeel

Present study was carried out to develop and evaluate olive oil based nano-emulsion for transdermal delivery of fluconazole, a bistriazole based antifungal agent with poor water solubility and lipophilicity. Olive oil, a natural non-irritating, non-toxic proposed permeation enhancer, is known to have some antifungal activity as well. Screening of common emulsifiers like Tweens (Tween 20, tween 60, tween 80), Spans (span 60, span 80), brij 35, puronic 127, and poloxamer 188 were done based on solubility of fluconazole in these surfactants followed by their efficiency to emulsify olive oil in water. Co-emulsifiers such as glycols (polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol), and short chain alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanol and octanol) were also screened similarly. Tween 80 and butanol were selected as emulsifier and co-emulsifier respectively to formulate nanoemulsion by aqueous titration method. However, separation was observed after 24 hours. Therefore, span 80 was added as an auxiliary emulsifier to improve emulsification efficiency. Finally, a blend of tween 80, span 80 and butanol was optimized as emulsifier (56 % wt/wt) to emulsify 9 % wt/wt of olive oil in 33 % wt/wt water. Pseudoternary phase diagram was employed to identify and optimize the components. Optimized formulation based on phase separation and thermokinetic stability was characterized for globule size, size distribution, zeta potential, viscosity, refractive index and pH. Globule size analysis by zetasizer nano ZS was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Permeation flux of fluconazole from optimized formulation through artificial skin was approximately three fold higher than the control. In conclusion, developed olive oil based nano-emulsion of fluconazole demonstrated promising solubility, permeability and stability. Keywords: Fluconazole, olive oil, nano-emulsion, transdermal permeation

866-871

Authors: Mr.A.Anka Rao*, B. Ramya, M.V.L.Bhavani, P.Ramesh, A.Praveen Kumar V.Vasu Naik, Dr. A.Seetha Devi

In the present work efforts have been made to develop fast dissolving tablets of Metoprolol succinate using direct compression technique involving super disintegrants like cross povidone, sodium starch glycolate. The pre compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, true density, compressibility index are within the IP limit. The post compression parameters are acceptable and within the IP limit. In-vitro drug release at for all the formulations was found to be 95 to 99% and was satisfactory. The optimized formulation (F6,10%cross povidone) of drug release was found to be is 99% at 30 min. Key words: fast dissolving tablets, Mouth Dissolving Drug Delivery System and Metoprolol succinate

879-887

Authors: Badriah Ghadeer Alshammari1 , Mohd. Imran*2 , Abida2 , Ishraga Eltayeb M. A-Elbasit3

The objective of this study was to assess the general public’s perception and satisfaction on the roles, responsibilities and services provided by pharmacists in the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study using a pretested and structured questionnaire was carried out from October 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017 among the general public (N = 600) of the Northern Border Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was developed according to the scientific literature published worldwide. The questionnaire included questions related to the demographics of the participants, perception related questions and satisfaction related questions. A total of 600 participants were studied in this study. It was observed that the participants had a good level of perception regarding the roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists. The level of satisfaction with the services provided by the pharmacists was moderate to good. It was observed that about 34% of the population were not interested in discussing matters related to drugs with their pharmacist; about 50% of the participants consider a pharmacist a mere vendor / dispenser of drugs; and about 20% of the population did not provide the response with surety for questions related to perception and satisfaction. It has been concluded that the public of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia has a good level of perception regarding the roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists. The level of satisfaction with the services provided by the pharmacists was moderate to good, and needs improvement. There is a need to organize pharmacy related seminars / workshops / awareness programs to improve the knowledge of the public of the studied region with respect to the perception of the pharmacy profession. Keywords: Perception, satisfaction, general public, Saudi Arabia, pharmacist

897-903

Authors: Dr. M. V. Nagabhushanam*, A. Anka Rao, Vasu Naik, A. Praveen Kumar, U. Veeranjaneyulu

In the present work efforts have been made to develop immediate release tablets of Metoprolol succinate using direct compression technique involving super disintegrants like croscaremallose sodium, sodium starch glycolate. The pre compression parameters like angle ofrepose , bulk density, true density, compressibility index are within the IP limit. The post compression parameters are acceptable and within the IP limit. In-vitro drug release at for all the formulations was found to be 95 to 99% and was satisfactory. The optimized formulation F6 (10% sodium starch glycolate) of drug release was found to be is 99% at 30 min . Key words: Immediate release, Super Disintegrants and bioavailability.

910-925

Authors: Dhananjay M. Patil*, Kaveri R. Wagh, Sapna S. Chaudhari, Vinod A. Bairagi, Valmik R Patil

The objective of present study was to formulate directly compressible orodispersible tablets of Cinnarizine with improved solubility and bioavailability by using solid dispersion technique. Cinnarizine is a H1 receptor antagonist and widely used in the treatment of motion sickness, vomiting and vertigo disorder. Solid dispersion of Cinnarizine was prepared by Solvent evaporation method and physical mixture using novel polymer soluplus as carrier. 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 these three different weight ratios of drug and carrier respectively were taken. Saturation solubility of drug was determined in physical mixture and solid dispersion formulation. The prepared solid dispersion formulations were further characterized by drug contents, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC and in-vitro drug release. From that crystalline form of Cinnarizine is converted into amorphous state during formulation of solid dispersion. Solid dispersion by solvent evaporation method in 1:3 ratios showed better results than other formulations. Orodispersible tablets of Cinnarizine were compressed using selected solid dispersion 1:3 formulation and excipients with kyron T 314 as a superdisintegrant. Orodispersible tablet shows disintegration time 13 seconds and in-vitro drug release 99.75 %, which is better as compare to marketed conventional tablet 66.92 % within 15 minutes. Thus formulation of orodispersible tablet of Cinnarizine solid dispersion showed increased solubility and bioavailability with patient complies and convenience. Keywords: Cinnarizine, Soluplus, Kyron T-314, Solid dispersion, Orodispersible tablet, Solubility.

937-940

Authors: Dr. Muhammed Khalid Shaikh1* , Dr. Majid Ali Soomro1 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon2 , Dr. Mashal Dad1 , Dr. Sumera Bukhari3 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical profile of patients with septicemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross sectional case series study of six months was conducted at tertiary care teaching hospital Hyderabad. The admitted patients of age ≥18 years, either gender diagnosed as sepsis were recruited. The diagnosis of sepsis was made by the detail clinical history and examination and relevant investigations. The clinical parameters include fever, hypothermia or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, leucocytosis or leucopenia, acute altered mental status, thrombocytopenia, hypotension. The etiological diagnosis requires isolation of pathogen from the blood or local site of infection. The Gram staining and culture of the specimen from the site of infection for microbial study was taken. Other relevant laboratory investigations depending upon the requirement were advised accordingly. RESULTS: During six months study period total fifty individuals with sepsis were recruited and studied for detecting the focus of infection. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 55.83±8.95 with male gender predominance 37 (74%). The male gender was predominant 37 (74%), Common co-morbidities observed were diabetes 7(14%), hypertension 5(10%) and chronic liver disease 3(6%). The common source of infection detected were respiratory infection 10(20%), urinary tract infection 8(16%) and wound infection 06(12%). Forty two (84%) patients were recovered while eight (16%) were expired. CONCLUSION: Respiratory and urinary tract infection and wound infections were the most common source of sepsis. KEYWORDS: Septicemia, Infections, Sepsis

955-959

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Shah1 *, Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Abdul Ghaffar Memon3 , Syed Jahanghir4 , Aatir H. Rajput5 , Muhammad Muneeb6 , Zubair Suhail Almani

To carry out a diagnostic audit of patients referred to the cardiology department complaining of chest pain and palpitations with special focus on the complaints that are non-cardiac and benign in nature. This shall serve to identify the burden on the cardiology department. Methodology The single center study is conducted at a tertiary hospital (Liaquat University Hospital) receiving new referrals from a health district (Hyderabad) and carried out jointly by the department of cardiology and the department of medicine unit II. 94 consecutive referrals by OPD and/or COD to the cardiology department and then to the medical unit II (on Tuesdays during June 2016) with the presenting disorder of chest pain or palpitations were assessed at first attendance (research interview, doctors' ratings, accounts of medical history and ECG). Results 39 patients were given a cardiac diagnosis and 51 patients were not given a cardiac diagnosis. The non-cardiac group was more likely to be young women, and to report other physical symptoms and previous psychiatric problems. Conclusion The results show that a majority of the patients referred to the cardiology department did not eventually have a cardiac issue and consequently add to the patient load presenting at the department. The non-cardiac patients do pre-occupy the hospital staff and add to the delay in health care received by genuinely cardiac patients. The non-cardiac patients (ones with other major physical diagnoses) also suffer due to patients with functional symptoms owing to stress and anxiety. A mechanism needs to be implemented to make this process efficient. Furthermore the concept of considering non-cardiac chest pain and benign palpitations as less important and taking them less seriously should be shunned. Even though these complaints have a lesser mortality but a morbidity that matches its counterpart. Patients experiencing the symptoms regard their pain as very important and a physician should give them their due importance by treating them just as urgently as any other disease. Effective methods of pain relief too should be available at hand for the physician so as to give the patient instant relief. Recommendations ECG facilities should be available at the OPD and COD departments to quickly rule out cardiac issues so as to prevent sending the patients to useless trips different departments. Key words: Chest pain, Palpitations, Benign palpitations, Non-cardiac chest pain and Hospital burden.

965-970

Authors: N. H. Bansod*1 , G. N. Chaudhari1 , A. B. Bodade1 . S.D.Pati

Five new metal complexes of the ligand 2-amino acetate - 6 - bromo benzothiazole with some metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II), Sn(II) Zn(II), and Cd(II) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity. The prepared complexes were characterized by 1H, Fourier transform infrared spectra, UV-Visible spectroscopy, magnetic moment, and conductivity measurement. The spectral study showed that all the complexes obtained as monomeric structures and central metal moieties are four–coordinated, with tetrahedral geometry, except for the copper complex, which had square planar geometry. All the complexes showed moderate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion method. Keywords: Five new metal complexes of the ligand 2-amino acetate - 6 - bromo benzothiazole with some metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II), Sn(II) Zn(II), and Cd(II) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity. The prepared complexes were characterized by 1H, Fourier transform infrared spectra, UV-Visible spectroscopy, magnetic moment, and conductivity measurement. The spectral study showed that all the complexes obtained as monomeric structures and central metal moieties are four–coordinated, with tetrahedral geometry, except for the copper complex, which had square planar geometry. All the complexes showed moderate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion method. Keywords: amino acetate benzothiazole, Transition metal complexes, Antibacterial activity

971-975

Authors: Sajani Jose1 * and Sujatha.K

To investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Adathoda vasica. (Linn) in different solvents viz petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Adathoda vasica. The phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether extract showed the presence of tannin, steroids, flavanoid, terpenoid and cycloglycosides. Ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of steroids, coumarin and cycle glycosides. Chloroform extract showed the presence of steroids, terpenoid and cyclo glycosides. Methanol extract showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, steroids, flavanoid, terpenoid, phlobotanin and total phenol. Where as in aqueous extract, tannin, flavanoids, coumanin and total phenol were present. Flavanoids were strongly positive in methanol and aqueous extract. The in vitro biological screening effects of different solvents extracts were tested against gram positive microorganism (Staphylocrobcoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus) and gram negative microorganism (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris). Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts at different concenterations (5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 µg/ml) were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity. The results were compared with standard drug Methycilin (50ug/ml). It was observed that petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extract all showed activity against bacteria. Methanol extract of Adathoda vasica showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus the zone of diameter 29.47 ± 0.01 mm compared to other solvent extracts and Methicillin (positive control). The study revealed a notable antibacterial inhibitory activity of methanolic extract of the leaf. Keywords: Antibacterial, Gram positive, Gram negative, Methicillin, Zone of inhibition

983-989

Authors: Naira Nayeem*, Mohd. Imran, Said A. El-Feky

Seasonal and geographical variations have impact on secondary plant metabolites in medicinal plants. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the phytochemical variation and its effect on the medicinal properties of Tribulus terrestris which was collected from two different seasons (Summer and winter) and from two different geographical regions i.e. Rafha, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (hot desert climate) and Bangalore, India (tropical savanna climate).The amount of Phenolic acids and flavonoids was evaluated by Folin ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was carried out for all the extracts by the DPPH method .The results revealed that the amount of phenolic acid and flavonoid was found to be higher i.e. 428 μgm and 295 μgm respectively in TT1-S which was in the sample collected during summer from the Rafha region. To further investigate the best season of collection of samples in Rafha, HPLC analysis was carried out for TT1-S and TT1 –W extracts using rutin and gallic acid as the standards; the amount of rutin and gallic acid was found to be higher in TT1-S. Furthermore analgesic activity was carried out for these extracts and the sample collected during summer exhibited significant activity when compared to the sample collected during winter. The results of this study give evidence that the season and geographical variations bring about a change in the plant metabolites which in turn affect the medicinal properties .From the results it is evident that the best season to collect the plant is during summer in Rafha as the amount of phytoconstituents is found to be more during this season Key words: Tribulus terrestris, seasonal, geographical, phytoconstituents, medicinal properties

997-1003

Authors: Fatemeh Rahimi-Sharbaf 1 , Nesa Rajab Bigi 1 , Nazila Mesbah 2,3, Yasaman Vakiloroaya 3 ,Shahrzad Khakpour2 , Batool Ghorbani yekta2,

Background: In non-anemic pregnant women recommended a daily intake of iron supplementation. This study aimed to determine the effects of daily iron supplementation versus twice a week in non-anemic pregnant women on pregnancy outcome. Material and method:: In this double- blind randomized clinical trial study 508 pregnant women with Hb> 11mg/dl and serum ferritin 10-300 ng/dl in first half of pregnancy were randomly divided to receive either of 1 table/day [50 mg elemental] ferrous sulphate[n=254], or two tablet per weeks[n=254]. Haemoglobin, ferritin and glucose challenge test were measured in the 24-28th weeks and at the end of pregnancy. Patient information was recorded and analysed for haemoglobin, insulin, and ferritin. Data were analysed using independent-t test, ANOVA, and Chi square tests. Results: The risk of preeclampsia and low birth weight significantly increased in the groups with daily intake of iron supplements. In addition, the levels of FBS, insulin and blood-pressure rise significantly in the second trimester. We should also note that the mean ferritin levels were significantly higher in cases with low birth weight and preeclampsia. Conclusion: The daily supplementation of iron significantly increased preeclampsia and low birth weight in nonanaemic pregnant women which is associated with high level of ferritin in patient Keywords: Low Birth weight, Ferritin, Iron, dietary supplement, gestational diabetes