INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

2724-2727

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul, J.

In the present study, anti-oxidant activity of methanol extract of Gracilaria fergusonii J.Ag. collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was screened. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and a reducing power by Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) assay. The percentage of scavenging activity of DPPH by methanol extract at 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg were 31.35, 45.23, 61.76, 79.54 and 82.93% respectively. At a concentration of 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg of methanol extract, the absorbance were 0.295, 0.302, 0.328, 0.367 and 0.384 respectively. These results similar to those obtained from the DPPH assay in which 500μg showed the highest total anti-oxidant capacity, followed by 400μg, 300μg and 200μg, and lastly 100μg. The results showed that both DPPH scavenging activity and absorbance were increased when the concentration of methanol extract was also increased. Vitamin C, a strong anti-oxidant was also used as control, and the anti-oxidant potential was compared to all tested samples. Keywords: Seaweeds, Gracilaria fergusonii, anti-oxidant, methanolic extract, Hare Island.

2735-2740

Authors: Pamula Reddy Bhavanam*

Drug is used for the treatment of insomnia and some brain disorders. The purpose of the present work is to formulate and enhance the drug release of zolpidem tartrate by the incorporation of suitable polymer in the oral dissolving films (OTF) for use in specific populations viz. geriatrics and patients experiencing difficulty in swallowing. The oral dissolving films loaded with zolpidem tartrate were prepared by solvent evaporation method using sodium CMC by adding suitable plasticizer glycerin. The prepared oral dissolving films were evaluated for drug content, weight variation, thickness, pH, folding endurance, In vitro drug release and stability studies. The evaluation parameters of zolpidem tartrate were found to be satisfactory in terms of drug content, thickness and pH. Comparison of the dissolution profiles of zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Effective drug release was achieved for zolpidem tartrate by way of preparation of oral dissolving films by solvent evaporation method. ZOL7 showed the highest drug release at the 10 min time point.The ZOL7 oral dissolving film with higher amount of superdisintegrant CCS and SSG showed fastest onset of drug release. Keywords: Zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films, solvent evaporation method and Dissolution rate.

2745-2747

Authors: Razieh Behzadmehr1 , Morteza Salarzaei

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is the most common disease that affects human joints. This disease is one of the major causes of joint pain and also the most important cause of rheumatoid disability. Despite its high prevalence, the definition of illness is less consensual among scholars. However, what all definitions have in common is that osteoarthritis involves several scaling disorders that may have several etiologies, but have similar biological and clinical outcomes. Findings:Since osteoarthritis affects all individual components of the joints, and given that MRI has the power to show all the components of the joint, consequently, MRI has become quite common in the attempt to detect this bone disorder. This feature helps to discover the connection between building components and pain, as well as the source of pain. A precise and accurate scoring system was considered necessary to assess the accuracy of arthroplasty and the severity of osteoarthritis though MRI findings. Discussion and conclusion:The majority of studies conducted in this area have used MRI techniques as a modern and complete method for evaluation. MRI imaging technique is quite effective in examining cartilage damage in patients with osteoarthritis. Key words: MRI , osteoarthritis , review article

2755-2761

Authors: Umair Ahmed1,2*, Khalid Mehmood2 , Zohra kaneez 3 , Shahjahan Shabbir Ahmed4 , Imran Ali Sani4 , Nazeer Ahmed 4 , Ashif Sajjad2 , Zahid Mehmood2 and Mohammad Azam2

Amygdalus spinosissima also known as Prunus spinosissma belongs to the genus Prunus, its subgenus is Amygdalus. A. spinosissima is a wild thorny almond found in approximately 600 to 1500 metres above sea level. Due to its medicinal value it is used as traditional medicine all over the world. The objective of present work was to evaluate the physiochemical characteristics, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition of crude oil extracted from A. spinosissima. In this study physicochemical properties and free fatty acid value of seed oil were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oil. The phenolic content of oil extract was found 15mg/L Gallic acid. Fatty acid composition has shown that it has high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid, C18:1 (61.8%) followed by palmitoleic acid, C16:1 (0.36%). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid C18:2 was (23.32%) and saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid C16:0 was (8.19%), stearic acid, C18:0(2.07%), erucic acid, C22:0(0.21%) and myristic acid C14:0 (0.20%) were respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seed oil of A. spinosissima is rich in oleic acid which may be a good potential source for industrial applications. Key words: Amygdalus spinosissima, seed oil, physiochemical, phenolic compounds, GC-FID fatty acid.

2772-2776

Authors: Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi*

Cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, is associated with cardiac dysfunction and results to severe heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a familial cardiomyopathy that is characterized by localized movement disorder in the wall of the right ventricle. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is typical cardiac arrhythmia that causes hereditary or acquired cardiac arrest in patients with long QT interval and can be identified by electrocardiogram. It has been elucidated that R1193Q Polymorphism (R1193Q GGG> CAG, rs41261344)) is a functional substitution in sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (SCN5A) gene, and correlates with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS. This case-control study was conducted to consider the correlation between SCN5A rs41261344 and cardiac arrhythmia syndromes in Iranian population. In the present study, 40 patients with LQTS, and 40 patients with ARVC, and 80 healthy subjects as controls were analyzed for SCN5A rs41261344 by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and 10 samples from each group were sequenced. The SCN5A rs41261344 C allele with a frequency of 100% was present in all the patients and the healthy subjects. However, we did not observe SCN5A rs41261344 T allele in our enrolled subjects. In fact, the frequency of T allele was calculated zero. Regard to very low frequency of the R1193Q polymorphism minor allele, SCN5A rs41261344 T allele, in our cohort, it can be suggested that other mutations may be associated with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS in Iranian population. Key Words: Cardiomyopathy, RFLP PCR, R1193Q polymorphism, SCN5A, ARVC, Long QT.

2783-2788

Authors: Zahra Khalili , Mostafa Farahbakhsh, Shahla Damanabi

Since mental health is directly related to individual and social performance and psychosocial harm, and upgrading it requires the availability of appropriate information systems and the collection of data and indicators, it has become, nowadays, one of the most important topics within the realm of healthcare services. The present study was conducted using descriptive-applied method. Initially, an interview was conducted with a number of mental health professionals to identify the status of the information system and mental health indicators in the primary care setting. Then, required mental health indicators were identified within primary healthcare through questionnaire and the results were formulated in the form of information system model and mental health indicators in primary care by using Delphi method. A total of 55 mental health indicators were selected in the primary care system; of these total number, 35 indicators were accepted by the panel of experts, which are categorized into four main categories of context, inputs, processes and functions, and result and output; finally, obtained findings were presented as mental health information system model..This research has identified the current state of the Mental Health Information System (MIS) and suggested practical information domains for planning useful managers in order to provide appropriate mental health services in the primary health care system. Key Words: Presenting a Model, Mental Health, Healthcare,primery care

2796-2798

Authors: Morteza salarzaei , Shahram Salehi-Rad , Ali Alidadi 3 , Fateme Parooei *

Introduction: Cataract is one of the underlying causes of poor vision and blindness. Quality of life and increased longevity have led to the prevalence of cataract in developed and developing countries. Based on the results of different studies, the incidence of cataract doubles with a 10-year-increase in age after the age of 40 in Australia; so, by a rule of thumb, all people are suffering from cataract at the age of 90. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Cataract surgery in children. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Cataract surgery in children were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Cataract surgery in children. Findings: Surgical procedure, the unique physiological response to surgery, and the improvement of visual acuity are the most common, and possible, problems with cataract surgery in children. Although cataract therapy in children requires group work, the role of surgery is undeniable in achieving desirable visual outcomes, and experience with the awareness of the differences and challenges of cataract treatment in children compared to adults is the basis of this role. Discussion and conclusion: Pre-operative eye examinations are appropriate for, and off course different in, each stage during operation, and ultimately, the post-surgical procedure and follow-up considerations in general, especially in children. An ophthalmologist's surgeon should be aware of the details of the issues as a head of the group in cataract surgery in children. Having knowledge about these differences leads to better surgical results, better vision and less complications. Key word: Cataract , surgery , children

2805-2807

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Morteza Salarzaei 1 , Mahmood Anbari *2, Alireza Abrishami 3, Ali Alidadi 4, Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction:Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death from single-agent infectious diseases in the world, and it is considered to tenth cause of death all over the world; according to estimates, this disease will keep occupying the same position in regard with mortality rate and it might even rise up to the seventh place by 2020. Method:In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies TB diagnostic methods and involved responses. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the TB diagnostic methods and involved responses were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had iTB diagnostic methods and involved responses. Findings: Most common diagnostic methods for tuberculosis include clinical suspicion, response to treatment, chest torsion, direct measles tuberculin test, mycobacterium culture, and Nucleic Acid Amplification methods. The ideal test for active pulmonary tuberculosis should be easy to apply, with highly sensitive and accurate findings; it should be cheap and have the same results under different conditions. Discussion and conclusion:Thus, the presence of complex defense systems in the body is the main cause of resistance against this fatal disease. Medical knowledge can identify the immune response network to this pathogen, which, in turn, helps the development of new-generation vaccines and more effective treatment for fighting as well as possible against this deadly disease. Key words:TB, diagnostic ,involved response

2817-2829

Authors: K.Ramanji Reddy*1 , Dr.Chandaka Madhu 2 , Dr.J.Balaji Chandra Mouli3 , Dr.B.Jagan Mohan Reddy3 , Penumala Joshi 2 , Ballavarapu Sharanya 2

The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of musa acuminata and mangifera indica . Method and methodlogy: The total Phenolic content was determined using folinciocalteau method while the total flavanoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Reducing power assay , Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Result: In the present study we have conclude that Mangifera Indica has a significant activity than Musa Acuminata Key words: Mangifera Indica, Musa Acuminata, DPPH Scavenging Activity, Nitricoxide Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity.

2833-2844

Authors: Kousar Begum*, Sathyabratha Jena, Konatham Monika ,B.Jagadeesh Babu,M.Reshma and A.Aravanthi

Nano technology is an innovation for the drug targeting to release the drug in short duration of time at a specific site. Nano sized particles are having the more dissolution velocity to increase the drug action and these are majorly useful for the poorly solubilised drugs to increase its solubility and enhance the bio availability. This article explains about the nanosuspensions, in which drug particles are distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle. Which exhibit its maximum solubility and ready to use through any route of administration? Recently nanosuspensions are ment for oral route for administration. This review explains about the stability of nano suspensions compared to other oral liquid dosage forms, classification, methods of preparation with its major advantages, limitations, properties of nanosuspensions, evaluation methods and its pharmaceutical applications. Key words: Nano technology, nano suspension, classification, methods of preparation, evaluation parameters

2853-2859

Authors: Azam Meyari, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Mahdi Biglarkhani, Roshanak Mokaberinejad5, Mojgan Tansaz*

Wet-cupping is an old procedure used for treating different disorders in ancient and nowadays it used for managing of pain, some dermal disorders and metabolic disorders. In this study we aimed to assess effectiveness of wet-cupping on blood sugar in clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search for all published studies using PubMed, Science direct, Medline, Ovid Google scholar and three Iranian Medical Databases was performed for English and Persian language studies from inception through to October 2016. The studies included should be clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies by using combinations of the terms including “Wet-cupping”, “Hijamat”, “diabetes”, “glucose” and “blood sugar”. All authors independently extracted information and evaluated methodological quality according to 'CONSORT' assessment checklist. The full manuscripts of all citations that were likely to meet our study objective were selected and obtained. In cases of duplicate publication, we selected the most recent and complete versions. From the 252 citations identified from electronic searches, at beginning, we found 25 related articles. Out of these articles 5 ones including 367 subjects meet our study objectives. These articles were not highly qualified. There was no significant difference on fasting blood sugar of those with normal blood sugar after wet-cupping; while the blood sugar of diabetes cases was decreased for a short period time; however it was not remained after a long term follow up. Although there is a diminished blood sugar of diabetes participants after wet-cupping, considering small number of clinical trials and methodological poor quality, the more studies is needed to confirm these changes. Key Words: Wet-Cupping, Hijamat,Fasting Blood Sugar, A Review.

2866-2871

Authors: Zahra Reisi, Bayan Saberipour , Mohammad Adineh*, Elham Abdolahi Shahvali

Background and Purpose: Understanding the various methods of triage in different situations and locations is one of the most important needs of the training staff, especially nurses. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses working in the emergency department. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was carried out with the participation of 73 nurses working in the emergency department of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals who were enrolled in the study in 2017. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the knowledge and practice of emergency personnel from triage systems in Iran [α = 0.3]. Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20. Findings: Results showed that 87.7% [64 people] had poor knowledge, 12.3% [9 people] had moderate knowledge about different methods of triage, and 93.2% [68 people] had moderate performance and 6.8% [5 people] had poor performance to use different methods of triage. The mean total score of nurses 'knowledge was 20.55 ± 8 and the mean score of nurses' performance was moderate [44.64 ± 8.82]. Statistical analysis showed a significant statistical relationship. Conclusion: Considering the low level of knowledge and practice of nurses working, it is necessary to organize training courses for triage, to implement interventions and educational research in this field and equip the emergency ecological environment and staff performance from different systems of triage to improve and promote treatment services. Keywords: triage, nurse, awareness, performance

2876-2880

Authors: Ali Afshari, Arash Khalili, Saeedeh Almasi, Neda Ali Mohammadi, Nastaran Pourkhorshidi, Leila Bozorgiyan, Maryam Malmir*

Musculoskeletal injuries are major part of occupational injuries in various nursing workforce is allocated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of occupational injuries among nurses in intensive care unit in health education hospitals of Hamadan. In this cross-sectional study, nordic standard questionnaire to all nurses in the intensive care unit in Hamadan city were distributed. The collected data analyzed by SPSS version 16 to compare the statistics of occupational injuries and chisquare test and Fisher's exact test was used. 94 of nurses working in intensive care units, 57.1 percent of the participants were between 30 and 40 years of age and 80% were female. There is no significant relationship between workers and the number of sites with skeletal problems in areas shoulders, wrists, hands and fingers, elbow and arm and leg was found (P <0.05). The most frequent injury of the neck, spine and legs. Greater awareness of risk factors and how to adjust them to the nurses should be given to healthy and non-injured personnel is better this training before the arrival of medical personnel to be available to this group. Key words: Occupational Injuries, Injury, Nurse

2887-2889

Authors: Morteza Salarzaei , Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari *

Introduction: Pregnancy is a common and prevalent medical condition in the field of carbohydrate intolerance which affects the phenomenon of pregnancy and can lead to undesirable outcomes and high-risk childbirth and affect the mother and the fetus. The most important concerns are overgrowth of the fetus, maternal damage following fetal macrosomia, as well as other fetal and maternal complications, especially preeclampsia. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes in women were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. Results:. According to studies conducted in this area, nutritional interventions along with close monitoring of blood glucose levels are considered as a primary treatment option, and drug therapy will start in the event of a failure of dietary changes in controlling blood sugar levels. Discussion and conclusion: Along with global prevalence of obesity, lifestyle has led to an increase in the weight of pregnant mothers. Obese and overweight pregnant women are at higher risk for pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes. Treatment for patients with gestational diabetes provides an ideal context for implementing primary interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. Key words: Pregnancy, diabetic patients, Control, treatment

2893-2897

Authors: V.Mrudula*, Prof T.Vijaya, Dr.K.Chandra Mouli

Heavy metals are effecting the environment have been increasing continuously as a result of industrial activities and technological development and possess a significant threat to human beings, plants, animals and environment. Heavy metals causes liver and lungs damage, bone generation and blood damage. The metals can be removed by various technological methods but they are costly and possess less accurate results. To overcome from these a research study was carried out to biologically approach the accumulation of heavy metals by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi was isolated from Terminalia Palida an endemic plant of Tirumala hills and pure cultures of endophytes were isolated and stored at 28±1°C and was screened with different concentrations of selective heavy metals and the heavy metal resistance endophytic fungi was evaluated and molecular identification of endophytic fungi was carried out by 18S rRNA gene amplification and Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using NCBI Clustal W. Keywords: Endophytic fungi, heavy metal, endemic plant and screening.

2901-2907

Authors: Dr. Nadeem Naeem*, Dr. Anwar Ali Jamali, DR. Muhammad Akram Bajwa, Dr. Abdul Salam Dal

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of death due to elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP ≥20 IU/ml) in HCV patients suffering from HCC in Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro MATERIAL & METHODS: This case series study was conducted in the department of department of Medicine Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro, with six months from 4TH October 2014 to April 2014. All the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C virus, raised alpha fetoprotein levels (20IU/ml), HCC newly or recent diagnosed i.e. diagnosed within last 6m, tumour size more than or equal to 3cm, adult population (if they are having underlying HCV related HCC) either gender were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 165 HCC patients were enrolled in this study with average age + SD 55.8+10.112 years.152(92.1%) were male and 13(7.87%) were female. 92(55.7%) were middle class, 51(30.9%) patients were from rich families and 22(13.3%) consisted to poor class of socio-economic status. Mean duration + SD (range) of HCC was 12.53 + 7.23 (1 to 48 years). 29(17.5%) patients had tumor size < 3 cm, 66(40.0%) had tumor size 3 to 5 cm whereas 70(42.4%) patients had tumor size > 5 cm. 32(19.3%) patients had normal serum alpha fetoprotein level (< 20 IU/ml), 38(23.0%) moderately elevated alpha fetoprotein level (20 to 399 IU/ml) while 95(57.5%) patients had markedly elevated serum alpha fetoprotein level(≥400 IU/ml). Overall mortality was seen in 68(41.1%). Tumor size > 5 cm and markedly elevated AFP (≥400 IU/ml), duration of HCC were found to be significant causes and biomarkers of mortality in HCC patients respectively (p value 0.01, < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: HCC patients with elevated AFP levels determine a higher mortality rate, which appears to be attributable to the growth promoting properties of AFP. Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Alpha feto-protein, HCV

2920-2932

Authors: Vinutha Kommineni, K.P.R.Chowdary* and S.V.U.M.Prasad

A new stability indicating RP HPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Saxagliptine and Dapagliflozin in bulk and dosage forms. The method involves separation on XTerra C 18 column (150mm x 4.6mm x5µm particle size). The optimized mobile phase consists of phoaphate buffer (pH 4) and Acetonitrile (50:50v/v) with a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at 225mn. Retention time was 2.1min (Saxagliptine), 2.8min (Dapagliflozin). Linearity range was 20-60ug/ml (Saxagliptine), 40-120ug/ml (Dapagliflozin). Accuracy was in the range of 99.99-100.50% for both drugs. Precision was 0.78% and 0.44% for Saxagliptine and Dapagliflozin. LOD and LOQ are 1.63ug/ml and 5.39ug/ml for Saxagliptine, 1.94ug/ml and 6.50ug/ml for Dapagliflozin. The method developed is more sensitive, accurate and precise than the methods reported earlier. Retention time and run time were also less and hence the method is economical. When applied for tablet assay, drug content was within 100.24-100.43 % of labeled content. Forced degradation studies indicated the suitability of the method for stability studies. Key Words: Saxagliptine, Dapagliflozin, RP-HPLC Method, Simultaneous estimation, Validation as per ICH guidelines, Forced degradation studies.

2939-2948

Authors: Maria Tahir*, Dr.Noman-ul-Haq, Aqeel Naseem, Sohail Riaz, Ghulam Razzaque

Objective: The study intends to determine Health Related Quality of Life of diabetes out-patients by using EQ-5D scale. Methodology: A questionnaire based, cross sectional study design was used to evaluate the HRQoL of diabetic patients in different outpatient clinics of Quetta, Pakistan. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. A sample of 332 diabetic patients was selected for participation in the study. Euro-QoL-5D instrument was used to measure HRQoL of diabetes patients. Coded data was entered in SPSS version 20. Inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p < 0.05) were used to assess the significance among study variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate how well clinical characteristics initially statistically significant variables predict health status measured by EQ-5D scores or how much each variable affect health state. Results: The mean age of study subjects was 53.8±11.9 with majority had matriculation as their education status. The cohort was predominantly represented by Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients 321(96.7%) with uncontrolled diabetes 191 (57.5%) and with an average of their diabetes duration of 8.38±6.66 years. All demographic and disease characteristics were found to be statistically significant to affect HRQoL whereas upon regression educational status, type of therapy and glucose control were influencing factors. Conclusion: The study concluded treatment types, complications and glucose control have been some important factors in predicting the low health related quality of life of diabetic patients. It is recommended to change treatment modalities towards single and/or oral anti-diabetic drugs and without insulin therapy to make better the patients’ quality of life. Measures regarding the prevention of blood glucose control should be educated to patients to avoid the complications in future life of diabetic patients and it would enhance their health related quality of life. Key words: Health Related Quality of Life, Diabetes Mellitus, out-patients, Pakistan, EQ-5D.

2959-2967

Authors: Mohammad Shooriabi , Abdolreza Gilavand *, Seyed Ali Emam

Background and Objective: Infection control is among the most important priorities of dentistry profession that is related to the health of dentists, assistants, and patients. Thus, this study has been performed in order to evaluate the awareness and performance ratio of dental assistants working in the dentistry centers of the city of Ahvaz in southwest Iran, about infection control in 2015. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 217 dental assistants working in dentistry healthcare centers were selected in a stratified random way. The awareness and performance ratio of dental assistants about infection control was evaluated by research made questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Among the total dental assistants participating in the study, 1.9% were male and 98.1% were female. In respect of workplace, 69% were working in private clinics, 29.6% in personal clinic, and 1.4% in public clinics. From the maximum 20 scores of awareness, 25.9% had the score 8 of awareness, and 24.5% had the score 10 of awareness. The mean score of assistants’ awareness has also been 8.69±2.903. There was a positive and significant relationship between the awareness ratio and work experience, and by work experience increase, the awareness ratio increased too. The highest mean of awareness ratio of assistants was in the personal clinics and after it in the private clinics. Conclusion: Considering the low level of dental assistants’ awareness and performance about infection control, it is suggested to offer necessary trainings in a more effective way to them in this regard. Keywords: Awareness, Performance, Dental Assistants, Infection Control, Iran.

2976-2980

Authors: Gouri Kumar Dash*, Mahendran Sekar, Syarifah Syamimi Putri Adiba and Afzan Mahmad

Traditional medicinal plants often offer suitable drug candidates as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plant extracts may be formulated to a suitable dosage form to treat the disease in an effective way. In the present study, we report the antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of M. koenegii leaves against few selected Staphylococcus spp. such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) together with formulation and evaluation of a topical cream containing M. koenigii extract. The antibacterial activity of the extract was performed by disc diffusion assay using vancomycin (30 µg) as the standard. The extract revealed good antibacterial activity against tested organisms in a concentration dependant manner. The cream was formulated by incorporating 10% w/w of the ethanol extract in the base. Physical evaluation of the cream revealed ideal characteristics of an ideal cream. Further studies may be recommended to isolate the bioactive principles from the leaves to develop newer drug moiety against MRSA and MRSE. Keywords: Murraya koenigii L. Spreng, Antibacterial, MRSA, MRSE, Topical cream

2994-2999

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany*, Dr. Muhammad Salih Channa, Dr. Muhammad Akbar Memon, Dr. Adnan Ali Khahro, Dr. Rabail Bohio, Dr. Farrukh Bohio, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B disease stages in different age groups of the patients which first visited at Asian institute of Medical Science hospital Hyderabad. Matirial and Methods: This observational and descriptive study was conducted at AIMS Hospital Hyderabad during the time of January 2010 to December 2012. In this study all patients’ presentation was noted on the proforma who first visited with HBV, all age groups were included in this study. Results: All patients of this study mostly infected with HBV were with young age group with the percentage of 32.25% between the 26- 35 year. Mostly patients were found in HBV phase of chronic hepatitis inactive carriers. Only 12.2% patients were found with co-infection with HCV. Conclusion: We concluded in this study according to hepatiis B phases, mostly patients were found in chronic hepatitis inactive phase and very poor percentage of the patients with HCV positive in the HBV infected patients. Keywords: Hepatitis B; Stages; Different ages; Phases of disease; Co-infections

3004-3007

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori *, Dr. Salma Kadir, Dr. Kamlesh Kumar, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Najeeb Ullah Ansari, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To study the demographical, clinical and etiological profile of patients with non traumatic coma (NTC) at tertiary care hospital. Patients and Methods: This study of cross sectional type was conducted at tertiary care hospital and included patients of ≥11 years of age, either gender with history of or presentation with non traumatic coma were further explored and evaluate for its etiology. After detail history and clinical examination the relevant and specific examination were advised includes blood complete picture, sugar level, liver function test, thyroid profile, malaria parasite test / ICT malaria, drug / intoxication screening, electrolytes, urea and creatinine, CT and MRI scan, CSF analysis, EEG, electroencephalography, viral hepatitis profile and blood, urine culture and sensitivity while the data was collected on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: In this study fifty consecutive patients of non traumatic coma were recruited and studied. The mean ±SD for age (years) and duration of illness (days) for whole population was 25.98±8.85 and 15.83 ± 4.63 with male gender predominance 32 (64%). The cerebro-vascular accidents was the commonest causes of non-traumatic coma 17 (34%), other etiological factor found were cerebral malaria 10 (20%), hepatic coma 4 (8%) and diabetic ketoacidosis 4(8%). Conclusion: The cerebro-vascular accidents were the commonest causes of non-traumatic coma, thus the adequate knowledge for common causes of NTC and proper work-up for the evaluation of NTC may improve the outcome. Key words: Non traumatic coma, COMA, Cerebrovascular accident, Malaria and Glasgow coma scale.

3011-3014

Authors: Yuvaraj, P. and John Peter Paul, J

The anti-ulcer potential of methanolic extract of Lobophora variegata (Lamour.) Womersley ex Oliviera (Phaeophyceae) collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was studied in aspirin induced ulceration in Wistar albino rats. Anti-ulcer effect was evaluated by measuring ulcer index and percentage of ulcer healing. The methanolic extract of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of Lobophora variegata was found significant antiulcer activity as evidenced by the data obtained. Among the two concentrations studied, 200mg/kg methanolic extract showed more effective compared to 400mg/kg. The present experimental findings suggested that methanol extract of Lobophora variegata can be useful for treating peptic ulcers. Key words: Brown seaweeds, Lobophora variegata, anti-ulcer, methanolic

3024-3032

Authors: H.N Khan*, Kodli Puja, Sana Javeria, MD Zameeruddin, A. G Mangulkar, V.B Bharkad

The aim of this work was to develop validate a dissolution test for Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide in combination tablets using spectrophotometric method. The dissolution established conditions were 900 mL of 0.1M HCl pH 1.0 as dissolution medium, using a paddle apparatus at a stirring rate of 50 rpm. The drug release was evaluated by UV spectrophotometric method the areas of solution were recorded at 274-284 nm and266-276 nm for Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. It can be concluded that the method developed consists in an efficient alternative for assay of dissolution for tablets. The method was validated to meet requirements for a global regulatory filing which includes linearity, precision, accuracy robustness and ruggedness. In addition, filter suitability and drug stability in medium were demonstrated Keywords: In vitro release, Stability, Dissolution study of methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide, Spectrophotometry, Area under curve method, Validation.

3040-3043

Authors: A.V. Izosimova*, I.H. Vakhitov, T.L. Zefirov

The specific features of the excretion of catecholamines in parachutists at various stages of preparation for and after performing the jump have been studied. It was revealed that the beginners engaged in parachuting, i.e. parachutists inexperienced in jumps react with a significant release of epinephrine and cortisol before boarding during the jump. At the same time, the excretion of norepinephrine in these athletes under the same conditions does not change significantly in comparison with the initial data. Mass class parachutists, i.e. athletes having a certain experience in jumping during preparation for and in the process of the jump react with a significant release of epinephrine, cortisol and norepinephrine. At the same time, these athletes had significantly higher level of excreted norepinephrine than adrenaline and cortisol. Highly skilled parachutists (masters of sports and masters of sports of the international class) react with a significant release of only norepinephrine during the preparation for and performance of the jump. Consequently, the excretion of catecholamines in sportsmen regularly engaged in parachuting depends on the level of athletes' qualification. The higher the level of training of parachutists is, the less changes occur in the values of excretion of catecholamines. Keywords: parachutists, systematic training, level of training, excretion, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

3050-3054

Authors: Alekcei Anatolevich Zverev*, Alevtina Vasilevna Krulova, Tatiana Andreevna Anikina, Marsel Muratchanovich Zaineev, Timur Lvovich Zefirov

Controlled physical activity of moderate power working capacity (50% of PWC170) causes a marked change in the cardiovascular system (stroke volume and minute blood volume, heart rate) in 11-16-year-old girls at different stages of puberty (stages 1-5). The reaction of urgent adaptation of girls’ cardiovascular system to physical activity during the pubertal period depends on the level of their sexual maturity. The pronounced chronotropic effect of cardiovascular system is revealed in girls at the 1 st and the 2 nd stages of puberty in response to a functional test, during the academic year. The inotropic effect is more pronounced in girls at the 3 rd -5 th stages. There are moderate changes in the studied parameters in response to a functional test and their relatively rapid recovery to the background level in girls at the 1 st and the 2 nd stages of puberty. A long period of wave-like recovery of the studied parameters to the baseline level, with the appearance of "negative phase" of the heart rate recovery, was revealed in girls at the 3 rd and the 4th stages of puberty, at the maximum reactions of stroke volume and minute blood volumes to physical activity. This is regarded as a sign of uneconomic response, unfavorable reaction of the cardiovascular system to the physical activity, the most pronounced at the end of the academic year. The reactions of urgent adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the controlled physical activity during the academic year are characterized by relative stability and economy in girls at the 5 th stage of puberty. There are moderate changes in the heart rate, stroke volume and minute blood volume, and rapid recovery of these parameters to the background level, that indicates good functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system. Keywords: cardiovascular system, stroke volume, minute blood volume, heart rate, puberty stages, pubertal period of ontogenesis, adaptive reactions to physical activity and study load, controlled physical activity

3060-3065

Authors: Andrey A. Tretyakov*, Vladimir V. Drogomeretskiy, Vladimir A. Voronkov, Igor U. Voronin, Galina L. Nesterenko

The article presents the results of the study of motion activity of students from different health groups and students of the Faculty of Physical Education, distinguished by prolonged motion regime during the school day. The survey was conducted among the students, who were included in the study, with the purpose of revealing the attitude of girls and boys towards their motion activity. Practical determination of the scope of motion activity with the help of pedometers was carried out at the next stage. This equipment allowed to define objectively the level of student’s motion activity. In addition, in girls and boys, who took part in pedometer investigation, the level of somatic health was measured, according to the rapid assessment method of G.L. Apanasenko. Assessment of the level of physical health allowed to know how motion activity affects the body of students. Obtained data indicates the need for students to develop a positive attitude toward motion activity and to increase its level. Keywords: students, motion activity, somatic health, educational process.

3075-3079

Authors: Felix A. Pyatakovich*, Lubov V. Khlivnenko, Tatyana I. Yakunchenko, Kristina F. Makkonen, Olga V. Mevsha

The article deals with a comparative analysis of the efficiency of an artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the help of algorithm back propagation, and of that trained by combining a back propagation algorithm and a variant of Cauchy stochastic training, in detecting the degree of activity of an autonomous nervous system. For the purposes realization of the project has been developed a biotechnical system, including technical device for input electrophysiological information in mode on-line. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the classification, records of interpulse intervals in 139 healthy students of Belgorod State University have been analyzed. All of them were part of the same age and social group from 17 to 24 years old. In practice, the ANN training algorithm using the back error propagation method enabled a correct recognition of 96.0% of the samples. The analysis of the clinical effectiveness of combining the back error propagation algorithm with Cauchy stochastic training showed that 100% samples were detected correctly both: as in training statistical samples so and in examination sampling. Classification errors amounted to 0 %. Keywords: interpulse intervals; electrophysiological information input block; neurocomputing; neural network classification algorithm; method backward propagation algorithm; Cauchy stochastic training; combined methods of training.

3085-3089

Authors: Galina Alexandrovna Pavlova*, Alexander Vladimirovich Gerasimov

Among the issues of paramount importance, a special place is given to the problem of children's health preservation. A modern metropolis with a developed chemical and petrochemical industry has some chemicals in the air that often exceed the maximum permissible norm, and the impact of even a small concentration of harmful substances causes a change in the functioning of body organs and tissues. The danger lies in the fact that a cumulative effect is observed at a relatively low level of biochemically active substance content, leading to the imbalance of organism functioning. This trend of research is of practical importance and is of great scientific and practical interest, since it reflects the general state of morphofunctional indices of children at the age of 7-9 years living in different environmental conditions. Thus, they conducted a comprehensive study of the cardiorespiratory system functions, the anthropometric indicators of seven-year-old girls studying at the first grade of a comprehensive school living in different environmental conditions. The following methods were used in the study: physiological, biochemical, statistical and the method of directed selection of the studied contingent. Based on the results of the study, the comparative analysis was carried out concerning the results of children living in different environmental conditions. In the process of the performed study, they found out that environmental pollution is one of the causal factors reducing physical development and adaptability of individual systems (cardiovascular, external respiration system) among seven-year-old girls. Keywords: heart, anthropometry, cardiorespiratory system.

3095-3100

Authors: Garipova Albina Zufarovna*, Zotova Firuza Rakhmatullovna, Askhamov Ayrat Albertovich

Student youth represents the potential of the future of the country and the constructive basis of many social processes: politics, economy, science, sports. Therefore, preserving and augmenting students' health, forming a healthy lifestyle, and developing student sports are of significant importance for society in general. One of the components of a healthy lifestyle of young people is the optimal regimen of physical activity, the systematic use of physical activity throughout life. At present, the students’ interest in traditional sports shows a certain decrease in their popularity amid the high appeal of athletic gymnastics, bodybuilding, aerobics, and powerlifting. In order to determine the attitude of student youth to the introduction of powerlifting in the educational process of a higher educational institution, we conducted a questionnaire survey among students, which gave a positive result. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey of students aimed at studying their attitude to the introduction of powerlifting in the educational process of physical education at higher educational institutions. The preliminary results of the introduction of the pilot powerlifting program are described in the process of physical education of the students studying pedagogy. Keywords: powerlifting, sport, student, interest, health, development, physical culture complex

3107-3111

Authors: Ilia Vladimirovich Petrov*, Marina Olegovna Novikova, Gulshat Rashatovna Khasanova, Artur Amirovich Almukhametov, Firuza Salavatovna Petrova

This paper deals with the analysis of the incidence of the disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection), the dynamics of the incidence of this nosology have been traced, and the HIV-incidence of the population of the Republic of Mari El (RME) has been characterized in comparison with this indicator in the Russian Federation (RF). HIV is a socially significant disease, tends to increase in cases both in the RME and in the Russian Federation. This issue is a matter of concern and has been under consideration at the state level. In 2016, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the State Strategy for Counteracting the Spread of HIV Infection in Russia for the period to 2020 and further prospects. Implementation of this strategy requires a detailed approach, taking into account modern technologies, the capabilities of which should be used in an accurate and step-by-step manner. The study analyzed the epidemiological maps of the patients of the state budgetary institution of the Republic of Mari El “Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases” (SBI RME RCPC AIDS and ID), calculated the incidence and prevalence of the population of the Republic using statistical methods (calculations of relative and average values, building of dynamic series and estimation of statistically significant differences), used graphicalanalytical methods and a retrospective epidemiologic analysis. According to the results of the study for the period 2007-2016, an increase in the incidence of 2.2 times was revealed in the RME. The cumulative number of HIV-positive patients in the RME during the study period increased 3.3 times. The prevalence index in 2016 in the RME is 1.7 times lower than the Russian average. The results of the study will help to conduct a comprehensive epidemiological diagnosis of the situation of HIV incidence in the RME, including mathematical simulation of the prognosis of the HIV incidence and prevalence of the population, which will allow diversifying approach to creating a "single preventive space" on the territory of the republic. Keywords: HIV infection, preventive space, epidemiological analysis, incidence

3117-3121

Authors: THE INITIAL STAGE OF MUSCULAR TRAINING. Liliia E. Aliasheva1* , Ildar Kh. Vakhitov1, Aidar R. Madiarov1

As our research showed, women being systematically engaged in fitness for one year had lower indices of heart rate and higher indices of stroke blood volume at rest, compared with women just starting their muscle training. In women who start muscle training the performance of the standardized muscular exercise in the form of the Harvard step test during the first two minutes results in the stroke volume and heart rate reaching the maximum values, and during the third minute - in a decrease in these indices. During the recovery period after the completion of the muscular exercises, the stroke volume and heart rate in this group of women do not decrease to the initial values within five minutes. The women of the experimental group engaged in fitness for one year, when performing a standardized muscular exercise, show a significantly higher response of the systolic blood volume than in the women of control group, and the frequency of the heartbeats undergoes less changes. After completing the muscular exercise these women have a significant decrease observed in the cardiac pump function of the heart and reach the level of the initial values by the fifth minute. Keywords: fitness, women, cardiac pump function, stroke volume, heart rate, systematic training

3128-3133

Authors: Olga А. Volkova*, Oksana V. Besschetnova , Elena I. Mozgovaya , Valentin P. Babintsev, Mihail S. Zhirov

The article presents the results of a sociological research conducted in 2016 in the Belgorod, Saratov regions and the Trans-Baikal Territory and includes two stages. On the first stage there was the expert survey (n=25), where the informants were employees of the guardianship authorities; social services; education, health care and law institutions. The research could examine the most typical causes which reproduced social orphanhood such as poverty, unemployment, mass labor migration from rural areas to big cities; increasing number of families at risk; placement of children in out-of-home care, and as a consequence, the termination of parental rights (TPR). On the second stage there was a survey of parents whose parental rights were terminated (n=350) in the above regions in order to identify the main causes of TPR, as well as the parents’ attitude to TPR preceding and their life trajectories after it in the context of life course theory. The vast majority of parents lost custody on their children due to substance abuse (80.0 %); inappropriate parenting (12.0 %); child abuse and neglect (6.0 %); poor health and voluntary refusal. The results of the survey could help to divide all informants into four main groups referring to their life trajectories after TPR: (1) in the first group most of parents (87.1 %) did not have clearly articulated goals for the further life perspective and did not make any attempts to change their life style and return the custody of their children; (2) parents of the second group showed the intention to change the situation in the next marriage, parenting other children; (3) in the third group informants demonstrate the potential to return their children, making positive personality changes; (4) respondents of the fourth group, whose children were in kinship care had very low motivation to restoration of their parental rights. Keywords: life course; life trajectories; termination of parental rights (TPR); children left without parental care; sociological research.

3141-3147

Authors: Roman Evgenievich Petrov*, Iulia Konstantinovna Zhestkova, Viktoria Aleksandrovna Martynova, Sharifullina Svetlana Rafaelevna

Currently, badminton gains more and more popularity among the students of generally education schools. This paper contains the conclusions and recommendations resulted from the empirical studies, the research results have been summarized and presented in charts. Competitive actions of badminton players involve the performance of technical and tactical maneuvers during the platform game. As is known, competitions can be won due to the ability to focus attention and thinking on the current situation in the game, to increase the speed of reaction of a single movement using the enemy's weak points and applying a variety of counter shots. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that will allow the badminton trainer to apply his/her experience in selecting schoolchildren for badminton training, including with the use of these tests. It will likely be possible that the badminton athletes can use the results obtained in analyzing tactics of upcoming games, and will optimize their sports activities in the future, especially in the competitive period. It is thought that the result of the study can be used in selecting children for badminton training at children's and youth sports schools (CYSS). Keywords: Schoolchildren, sports selection, competitions, badminton, speed of action, single movement, badminton game, reaction time.

3155-3161

Authors: Svetlana D. Chernyavskikh, Do Hyu Kuet, Lyudmila N. Trikula, Lyudmila K. Buslovskaya, Aleksey Y. Kovtunenko, Yuliya A. Makarova

The hematologic profile of the representatives of the bony fishes inhibiting the Belgorod region - common carp Cyprinus carpio is studied. By means a light microscopy method definition of the blood type cells for fishes on the basis of metachromasy of cytoplasm and core, as well as sizes, forms of cells and their cores after fixing and coloring of dabs by Romanovsky method is carried out. It is established that the hemacytrate profile of common carp Cyprinus carpio is presented by the erythrocytes prevailing by quantity, platelets and leukocytes. Nongranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes, granulocytes - eosinophils, basophiles, neutrophils, as well as other uniform blood cells which are at different development stages: progranulocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, stab cell and segment cell leukocytes. In a leukocyte formula of the Cyprinus carpio the most part is occupied by lymphocytes. Among polymorph cell leukocytes neutrophils prevail, quantity of eosinophiles and basophiles at the studied species of bony fishes is rather low. The revealed hematologic profile of the Cyprinus carpio can be used for assessment of their functional state, health and extent of adaptation to environment conditions. Keywords: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, common carp, hematologic profile.

3165-3169

Authors: Zhanna Yu. Chephranova, Oleg A. Zemlyansky*, Andrey A. Bashkirev. Elena V. Kalyuzhnaya, Lyudmila O. Zemlyanskaya

Purpose of the study: Analysis of the prevalence of etiologic structure and antibiotic resistance profile of pathogens associated with health care (HAI) in surgical and intensive care units of the Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph in dynamics for 2014-2015. Materials and methods: The material provided by the results of clinical observation of purulent inflammatory infections (PII) and bacterial complications in patients over the last 2 years. We used conventional microbiological methods for isolating a pure culture of the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to the antibiotic disk diffusion method and by bacteriological analyzer Walk Away. Studies have blood cultures performed on the analyzer BACTEC Becton Dickinson. We used data qLIS laboratory information system containing information about pathogens HAI in dynamics for 2014-2015 years. Results: In the etiological structure of catheter-related infections were the dominant pathogens S. aureus (15.6%) S. epidermidis MRSA (9%). S. epidermidis (1.7%) and K. pneumoniae (11.3%). and Ent. aerogenes (3.5%). In the microbial landscape of respiratory infections and lung leading microflora were Str. species (31.6%), S. aureus (7%) and P. aeruginoza (6.5%). K. pneumoniae (6.3%) as well as fungi of the genus Candida (8.8%). The etiology of skin and soft tissue infections were problematic pathogens P. aeruginoza (11.7%) E. coli (6.6%) K. pneumoniae (3.9%) and Gr + bacteria S. aureus (20.7%) S. epidermidis (8.8%). Urinary tract infections were mainly caused by E. coli (28.5%). K. pneumoniae (9,1%), Ent. aerogenes (7,5%) and E. faecalis (7%). E. faecium (11%). The etiology intraabdominal infections were problematic pathogens P. aeruginoza (10.7%). E. coli (6.9%). K. pneumoniae (4.9%) and S. aureus (17%) S. epidermidis (8.6%) All cases of nosocomial infections caused by CNS .nt. aerogenes (33.3%) K. pneumoniae (16.7%) A. baumannii (16.7%) and S.epidermidis (16.7%). S. haemolyticus (16.7%). Selected strains of microorganisms characterized by multidrug-resistant to most used antimicrobials in the hospital. Conclusion: The problem of the development of rational treatment algorithms for each hospital remains quite relevant. Without predicting microbiological monitoring, the effectiveness of treatment HAI, it is quite difficult. The study of patterns of spread of pathogens epidemiologically important species allows to predict the intensity and nature of patient infection. Status HAI resistance of pathogens to antibiotics is an important parameter for the rational empirical and then the causal treatment and prevention foundation PII in critically ill patients. Keywords: Nosocomial infections, infectious agents associated with medical care, antibiotic resistance.

3176-3184

Authors: Sri.Srikanth1 *, Dr. Somashekar Shyale1

Hypertension is a major disease caused by mental stress and work tension. To duplicate the benefits of intravenous drug infusion without its potential hazards, the novel drug delivery system has brought renaissance into the pharmaceutical industry for controlled drug delivery.Transdermal drug delivery systems are also known as patches, containing dispersed or dissolved drug with plasticizers, polymers etc., are intended to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across the skin. In this investigation it was planned to formulate transdermal formulations containing Valsartan (hydrophobic) using two natural gums viz.., Xanthan gum and Almond gum as a reservoir gels planned to characterize the candidate drugs for physico-chemical properties. Membrane-moderated TTS was prepared with rate controlling Eudragit RL 100 polymer, with reservoir gels, and provided with a backing laminate. The films was characterized by WVT studies and SEM photomicrographs. Further, in vitro permeation of the candidate drug was conducted in keshary-chien diffusion cells across depilated abdominal skin of male Swiss albino rat. The data was corrected with Hayton-chien equation, to remove any sample induced bias. Also the data was subjected to regression analysis and ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 shall be considered statistically significant. Various permeation parameters like, flux, diffusivity, and permeability coefficient was determined. Stability of the TTS of Valsartan also studied at 40 ºC / 75 %RH Keywords: Valsartan, Xanthan gum, Almond gum, Eudragit RL 100, Transdermal Systems

3193-3201

Authors: Perumalla Ashok Kumar1* , Dr.Deenanath Jhade2

Orally fast dissolving films (OFDFs) have been introduced in the market recently as they provide convenience and ease of use over other dosage forms such as orally disintegrating tablets. This technology evolved over the past few years from the confection and oral care markets in the form of breath strips and became a novel and widely accepted form by consumers, so OFDFs are gaining the interest of large number of pharmaceutical industries. Orally fast dissolving film is the type of drug delivery system which when placed in the oral cavity, disintegrate or dissolve within few seconds without the intake of water. OFDFs are very similar to postage stamp in their shape, size and thickness. These films have a potential to deliver the drug systemically through intragastric, sublingual or buccal route of administration and also has been used for local action. This type of technology offer a convenient way of dosing medication, not to special population groups like pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients, mentally ill patients, but also to the general population. The present review provides an account of various formulation considerations, method of preparation and quality control of the OFDFs. Keywords: Fast dissolving films, Fast disintegration, Oral strips, Tensile strength.

3210-3218

Authors: P.Umadevi 1* , I.Nagaraju 2 and K. Ravi kumar 3

In present study transdermal drug delivery of Rivastigmine was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of transdermal patches was developed by using polymers HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M.Transdermal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations polymers ranging from F1-F12.Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be were found to be with in the pharmacopeial limits, invitro drug release studies by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 12 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K4M 300mg and Eudragit L-100 60mg had shown 94% cumulative drug release with in 12 hours. And compared to HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M showed better drug release profile. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.9892. Key words: Rivastigmine, transdermal patches, HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M

3230-3242

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*1 , Dr.Chandaka Madhu2 , Dr. Mohammed Omar3 , Sachin Vanji Ahirrao3 , P.Jhansi Lakshmi4

In the present work, mouth dissolving tablets of fexofenadine HCl were designed with a view to enhance patient compliance by direct compression method. The present work studied the effect of superdisintegrants on release rate of fexofenadine HCl in the form of fast disintegrating tablet. For the present study range of superdisintegrants in their different concentrations, were used. The superdisintegrants used were Magnesium stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cross Povidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate,and Cross Carmellose Sodium. The blends were prepared by direct compression technique. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, weight variation and in-vitro drug release studies in pH 6.8. Keywords: Fexofenadine hydrochloride, Mouth Dissolving Tablets, Magnesium Stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cross Povidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate,and Cross Carmellose Sodium

3248-3253

Authors: Madhukar. A 1 *, Y. Ganesh Kumar2 , K. Usha 3 , M. Srilatha

This paper describes the analytical method suitable for validation of Felodipine by reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. The method utilized RP-HPLC (Water 2695 with PDA detector) model and a column ODS C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5m). The mobile phases were comprised with Acetonitrile and Water (80:20 V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. UV detection at 305 nm MTS were eluted with retention times of 3.155min. The method was continued and validated accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation revealed the method is rapid, specific, accurate, precise, reliable, and reproducible. Calibration curve plots were linear over the concentration ranges 15-75 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9998). Limit of detection (LOD) was 0.19µg/ml and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.6µg/mL. The method showed good recoveries (98.9 - 100.4%). Statistical analysis was proves the method is suitable for the analysis of Felodipine as a bulk, in tablet dosage form without any interference from the excipients. It was also proved study for degradation kinetics. It may be extended for its estimation in plasma and other biological fluids. Keywords: Felodipine, RP-HPLC, Method Development and Validation

3264-3267

Authors: Gouri Kumar Dash*, Nur Anis Amira Mohd Anas and Shahnaz Majeed

The use of lipsticks has gained considerable importance in recent years and several cosmetic industries have geared up their marketing with different shades of colors to meet the demands of women. Many lipsticks often contain synthetic chemicals that are known to cause serious side effects upon prolonged use. In the present study, we have made an attempt to formulate lipsticks that contained only natural ingredients using extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, juice of the roots of Beta vulgaris and mica powder as colourants. Four different formulations (AA-1, AA-2, AA-3 and AA-4) were prepared and evaluated. Among the prepared lipsticks, formulations AA-1 and AA-4 revealed ideal characteristics of lipsticks with properties like shining, spreading and smoothness of lips after application. Further studies through a detailed clinical trial may be suggested to ensure safety of these formulations. Key words: Lipsticks, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Beta vulgaris, Mica powder, Formulation, Evaluation

3278-3282

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori *, Khuda Bux Mangrio , Dr. Salma Kadir , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Umair Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency of peripheral vascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: The present study was undertaken at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. Total fifty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied which were admitted to medical wards and all these cases fulfilled our inclusion. while the data was collected on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The inclusion criteria of the study were diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of ≥35 years of age, either gender and ≥ 3 years duration of diabetes mellitus. The ankle brachial index (ABI) were measured for clinical evaluation of peripheral vascular disease and calculated by using non invasive colour Doppler study to measure ankle & brachial systolic blood pressure and ABI less than 0.9 was taken as a marker of peripheral vascular disease in present study. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: Total fifty patients with type diabetes mellitus were recruited and enrolled during six months study period, majority of the patients were males 32 (64%) and from rural population 35 (75%). The mean ±SD for age and duration of disease for whole population was 54.83+7.82 and 7.93±3.52. The peripheral vascular disease was identified in 36 (72%) patients as had low ABI while the other risk factors observed were hypertension (69.4%), dyslipidemia (61.1%), smoking (66.6%), previous history of CVA (75%), history of ischemic heart disease (69.9%) and sedentary life style (55.5%) respectively. Conclusion: the ABI is reliable, cheap and non invasive procedure to detect PVD in Type–2 DM and can be used as initial screening test for early detection of peripheral vascular diseases. Keywords:

3288-3291

Authors: Dr. Ishrat Bibi *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Aisha Khalid, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur , Dr. Syed Nadeem Shah, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency of psychiatric diagnosis in patients involved in crime. Patients and Methods: All cases in CSJIP inpatient and outpatients referred from civil surgeon for psychiatric assessment, above 18 to 60 years and who are consenting to interview. All the patients involved in crime brought by law enforcing agencies of Pakistan through a valid legal documentation with history of offender crimes. The data was collected on semi structured proforma designed with the help of demographic variables and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Age group 20-30 year was most common 75(38.3%). Out of 196 cases married patients were in the majority 130(66.3%). According to the psychotic diagnosis, Psychotic disorder, Bipolar disorder, Personality disorder, Substance related disorder and Development disorder were found with percentage of 35.71%, 22.95%, 20.40%, 12.75% and 08.16% respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that psychiatric diagnosis diagnosis are the most important criminal acts in the patients involved in crime and the present study detect the psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder and personality disorders with majority were between 21-30 years age group. Key Words: Psychiatric disorders, crime and Bipolar disorders

3300-3302

Authors: Fateme parooei, Sara Zamanpour and Morteza Salarzaei

Introduction:. According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer were selected. Results: Chemotherapy alongside radiotherapy and surgery is one of the oldest and most commonly used methods for treating breast cancer. Chemotherapy is employing anti-neoclast agents attempting to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and their reproduction. Discussion and conclusion: Since nausea is a mental symptom, the patient himself is the best person who could provide the health team with precious and precise information about the presence and severity of the symptoms. Key words: Nausea, Chemotherapy, Breast Cancer

3306-3308

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2, Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction: According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. The rate of cancer in developed countries is increasing from 1 to 0.2% and in developing countries about 0.5% annually. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Prognostic factors of breast cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Prognostic factors of breast cancer were selected. Results:. the identification of factors affecting the metastasis and death of the patient can help make a better decision for selecting the treatment method and arranging an appropriate planning for the prevention of highrisk patients and reduction of recurrence costs. Discussion and conclusion: early diagnosis and adopting proper treatment methods by the doctors have a significant role in preventing the undesirable effects of this disease on the individuals’ lives, improving life quality, and increasing the patients’ longevity. Key words: Prognostic factors, breast cancer

3312-3314

Authors: Fateme parooei , Mahmood Anbari *, Morteza Salarzaei1

Introduction: According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. The rate of cancer in developed countries is increasing from 1 to 0.2% and in developing countries about 0.5% annually. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify The Role of Progesterone in the Prognosis of Breast Cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study The Role of Progesterone in the Prognosis of Breast Cancer were selected. Results:. Progesterone and its receptors connect to the nucleus of the cells of the target tissue to cause a series of changes in the expression of responding to the relevant hormone. The free hormone in the serum goes through the membrane without receiving help from any special protein to connect to its special receptors in the nucleus. Discussion and conclusion: Investigating these receptors are of more importance especially in patients with breast cancer who have developed the disease at ages prior to menopause and also in high risk groups, because knowing the status of these receptors in these groups of patients increases two to three times the chances of choosing hormone treatments in patients that have the highest level of responding to hormone manipulation. Key words: Progesterone, Prognosis, Breast Cancer

3326-3332

Authors: Gopika B, Keerthana Kripa R R, Renuka R*, Dr. Elessy Abraham

Tuberculosis is emerging globally with an estimated prevalence of 8.7 million cases annually and 1.4 million deaths. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since it is highly drug recessive, treatment is at the peak of threat and development of drugs against multi-drug resistant TB is still in progress. Management of tuberculosis seems more challenging when the patient develops drug resistant TB and with coexisting HIV. Despite the rise in incidence of MDR-TB worldwide over the past few decades, no TB specific drug has been discovered in last 40 years. Emergence of some new anti-tubercular drugs is a scope as they promise high efficiency and shortens the duration of treatment. Delamanid is one of such promising drug. High potency, least chance of drug-drug interactions, better toxicity profile, and post antibiotic effect against intracellular bacilli are the advantages with Delamanid which will be helpful in reducing the treatment duration and risk of toxicity in MDR-TB. Delamanid appeared to be a safe drug with less side effects. EMA has issued a conditional marketing authorization for Delamanid. It should be used as a part of an appropriate combination regimen for pulmonary MDR-TB in adult patients in whom the current approved regimen cannot be used because of resistance or intolerability. The emergence of this new drug can improve treatment status of TB and thus a hope for the better control of the disease. Key Words: Mycobacterium, Anti-Tubercular drugs, Delamanid, MDR- TB

3342-3346

Authors: Maheshwaram Laxmi*1and S.Vijayalaxmi2

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. Herbal face packs or masks are used to stimulate blood circulation, rejuvenates them muscles and help to maintain the elasticity of the skin and remove dirt from skin pores. It is a very good attempt to establish the herbal face pack containing different powders of plants. Thus in the present work, we found good properties for the face packs and further optimization studies are required on this study to find the useful benefits of face packs on human. Key words: Face packs, Natural remedies, Herbal formulations etc.

3357-3370

Authors: Thiruchendil Muthu K1 , Iyyam Pillai S1 , Subramanian S2 and P. Venkatesh

The macrocyclic complexes of pharmaceutical importance with transition metals have been synthesized by condensation of condensation of the 1,2-Di(2-thienyl)-1,2-ethanedione (Thenil), ethane-1,2-diamine and curcumin. The structure of the synthesized ligand and complexes was characterized by, elemental analyses, Mass, IR, UV–Vis., measurements. The binding properties of these complexes towards DNA have been investigated using electronic absorption, competitive fluorescence titration, viscosity measurements and circular dichroic analyses. The results obtained indicated that the complexes get bonded with DNA via an intercalation binding mode with an intrinsic binding constant, Kb 6.76 x 104 M-1 , 5.13 x 104 M-1 and 4.18 x 104 M-1 respectively and Kapp of 5.33 x 105 M-1 , 4.04 x 105 M-1 and 3.29 x 105 M-1 . Keywords: Thenil, DNA binding, Curcumin, Intercalation, hydrazine hydrate.