International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies

1-16

Authors: Dr. Goutam Kumar Nag

The present paper is a linguistic analysis of the simple past tense (sādhāraņ atīt) according to the traditional nomenclature) in Bengali. The study of tense forms in traditional Bengali grammar has mainly been confined to the morphological level. The semantic significance of different tense forms has never been studied in a systematic way. There is a great discrepancy in the tense system as has been defined in traditional Bengali grammar and as it functions in real life. We have chosen one tense form viz. simple past (sādhāraņ atīt) to highlight this discrepancy. In this study we have illustrated various uses of this tense form which have been completely ignored by traditional grammarians. Having demonstrated the different past and non-past use of this verb form, we have established that the unifying factor is the aspectual nature of this tense form. We have highlighted the importance of aspect of verb, the study of which had not been taken up by the traditional grammar.

24-49

Authors: Dr. Al-Rawashdeh Mohammad Salim

Since then, the United States and Republic of China have set about implementing the common interest of both countries. Top American and Chinese officials have exchanged visits and institutionalized their exchanges on major strategic and economic issues. Military-to-military contacts have been restarted, opening an important channel of communication. And at the unofficial level, so-called track-two groups have explored possible evolutions of the U.S.-Chinese relationship. Yet as cooperation has increased, so has controversy. Significant groups in both countries claim that a contest for supremacy between China and the United States is inevitable and perhaps already under way. In this perspective, appeals for U.S.-Chinese cooperation appear outmoded and even naive. The mutual recriminations emerge from distinct yet parallel analyses in each country. Some American strategic thinkers argue that Chinese policy pursues two long-term objectives: displacing the United States as the preeminent power in the western Pacific and consolidating Asia into an exclusionary bloc deferring to Chinese economic and foreign policy interests. In this conception, even though China’s absolute military capacities are not formally equal to those of the United States; Beijing possesses the ability to pose unacceptable risks in a conflict with Washington and is developing increasingly sophisticated means to negate traditional U.S. advantages. Its invulnerable second-strike nuclear capability will eventually be paired with an expanding range of antiship ballistic missiles and asymmetric capabilities in new domains such as cyberspace and space. China could secure a dominant naval position through a series of island chains on its periphery, some fear, and once such a screen exists, China’s neighbors, dependent as they are on Chinese trade and uncertain of the United States’ ability to react, might adjust their policies according to Chinese preferences. Eventually, this could lead to the creation of a Sino centric Asian bloc dominating the western Pacific. The most recent U.S. defense strategy report reflects, at least implicitly, some of these apprehensions.

58-70

Authors: Dr. Arabinda Debnath, Mr. Kamaleswar Deka

Through this paper on attempt is taken to carry out a critical study on organizational set-up and management system of a few selected self-help groups of Darrang district. With a view to systematizing the discussion on the topic referred to here the entire paper to divided in to three parts. The first part entitled “Theoretical Approach” includes an introduction, meaning of self-help groups, objectives and methodology of the study. The second part entitled “Self-Help Groups and their Organizational set-up and management system” is a comprehensive study, where a few selected self-help group Darrang District are critically analyzed to depict their prevailing position. The third part entitled “Conclusion” provides some finding and recommendation.

86-104

Authors: Dr. Jayeeta Bhattacharjee

The study in science, particularly life science can never be complete without practical studies. Theoretical studies give us only superficial ideas about the topic but its actual analysis with field studies is of prime importance. In the present study an attempt has been made to enumerate the vegetation wealth of the district (in part) as far as possible by undertaking frequent field survey in different localities of the district. The common historic wealth of district has been categorized in different groups depending on habitat. Attempt has been made to incorporate authentic scientific information such as correct nomenclatures, physiographical and meteriological features of the district.

111-117

Authors: Neelam

The present manuscript attempts to depict the status of women in ancient India. It refers to her rights and duties in family and social life. We know that the worth of a civilization can be judged by the place given to women in the society. In ancient Indian culture, women were granted honorable place in the society. Women enjoyed the equality in status and position with her opposite sex during the Rig Vedic age. No religious rites were performed with perfection by a man without the participation of his wife. Married men along with their wives were allowed to perform sacred rites on the occasion of various important festivals. Wives were thus befittingly called Ardhangani (better half). With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women were completely devoted to their families. They were preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Goddess Parvati and Goddess Kali. The women were permitted to have personal property in the form of jewelry and clothing. The Arthashastra permitted women to have money up to 2000 silver panas. The property of women could be used by the husband only in case of dire necessity. Women were adequately educated in the early Vedic period. Women also had the freedom to select their husbands. This system was known as “Swayamvar”. In ancient India, though patriarchal system was highly prevalent yet women enjoyed a position of respect and reverence. In fact during this time, women had superior position than the males. In Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC) women were regarded like mother goddess (Shakti) a symbol of life with immense capacity of tolerance and sacrifice hence they had respectable place in the society.

125-139

Authors: Mr. Aniruddha Vithal Babar

There are three important ingredients to democratic consolidation and positive, progressive transformation in India: all inclusive public policy, social-political justice and Electoral politics. Barbara Boxer, Junior United States Senator from California rightly quoted, “we have fought for social justice. We have fought for economic justice. We have fought for environmental justice. We have fought for criminal justice. Now we must add a new fight- the fight for electoral justice.” The electoral justice is a need of today’s modern power-politics. In order to protect the democratic structure from withering out it is necessary to introduce changes that would protect the fundamental machinery of Electoral system which form an essential part of the foundation of democracy. Politics is a way through which a change in society can be brought. In democracy, justice flows through the channels of politics, hence it is to be understood that the Electoral Politics is a soul of a Democracy without which it cannot exists in its true spirit. Legal framework pertaining to the Electoral System demands timely change. This Research paper not only examine the present Electoral system that exists in India but also the need for ‘electoral reforms’ under the shadow of threats like ‘criminalization of Politics’ that Indian democracy is facing. To defend the ideals of democracy, a strong Electoral System is necessary which would facilitate transparent and fearless representation of dreams, aspirations, desires, requirements, needs and voice of people-The Voters. Strong Electoral system is a mechanism which is necessary to strengthen the democratic structure of India and to strengthen the Electoral system timely reforms are necessary which not only would give justice to the people but also to the ideals enshrined in the Constitution of India.

150-160

Authors: Do Minh Hung

The present study used sample readings at prewriting stage as a treatment program for the experimental class of EFL learners from one local college in South of Vietnam. This was supposed to be one possible solution to reduce their difficulties/problems in English essay writing, which are commonly admitted and also confirmed by the questionnaire results in the present study. The treatment findings show that the experimental class improved their writing ability from the pretest to the posttest, and also better than that of the control class who did not receive extra sample readings. Additionally, the experimental class voiced their positive attitudes toward the treatment program at the end of the course. Accordingly, using sample readings at prewriting stage in academic writing classes appropriately is of great help to those EFL learners of low proficiency level.

170-180

Authors: Ndinojuo, Ben-Collins Emeka

This paper analyzes and discusses the observed influence of the new media theory with regard to political parties in Nigeria. This influence stems from characteristics of new media that allows individuals and groups to share knowledge, experiences, opinions, and ideas within and outside their group and in a McLuhan’s sense of “global village”, where such information are consumed by a global audience. The new media theory looks at features that make the new media ideal and fashionable as an instantaneous political communication tool that encourages a two-way communication using either top-bottom or bottom-top approach. This is a radical departure from the traditional print and television media that are not instantaneous and have a delayed feedback. The new media in all cases incorporates elements from the older media for its content. The print media fed from the oral media, radio from both print and oral media, Television incorporated elements of all three and the internet feeds from all the previous media. The print, radio and television were once the new media of their times, the internet and its applications are the new media of our time and in the future another media will feed from the internet to be the new media of the future time.

187-195

Authors: Afsaneh Rahmani

This study aims to analyze the municipality performance in creation of citizens participation using urban governance excellence approach. Just an accountable local government can act independently on all of projects that creates citizen’s trust on participation. For this purpose, the governance indices and factors influencing the creation of citizens participation were identified. This was a descriptive and analytical research. Population consisted of 120 persons including managers and employees of municipality. The questionnaires were distributed among them, and data were analyzed using LISREL and SPSS software. The results indicated that from the perspective of citizens, the participation creation of Ghaemshahr municipality was not good. The Trust and expertise indices were effective in the citizens participation with staff on urban affairs. The lack of them along with problems such as lack of clarity, lack of accountability, lack of compliance with laws and regulations, and injustice would exacerbate the Disaffiliation of citizens. Also, the results showed that municipal inefficiency and lack of proper accountability had been influenced by various factors that existed in the organization. With precise examination, it was found that the response structure of the municipal, weaknesses and problems in the organization, lack of funds and facilities for participation in the Municipal, lack of proper management and regulation, and dissatisfaction with salary had created difficulties for many of the officials. The implementation of good urban governance indicators, especially the indicators impact on accountability, may lead to citizens’ participation.

207-213

Authors: Bhaswati Mukhopadhyay

The connectivity between India and various countries of Southeast Asia is one of the interesting subjects of International relations. It is generally acknowledged that from the late pre Christian era approximately, people from Indian subcontinent went to the countries of Southeast Asia both by sea route or land route. India played a crucial role in the material and cultural history of Southeast Asia during the early part of Christian era. The early Indian connectivity is mainly by increased trade and commerce. So, truly, the first catalyst of the relation between India and Southeast Asia was trade. The mineral wealth and fertile soil of Southeast Asia attracted the attention of Indian trading community. Like other Southeast Asian regions India had trading links with ancient Siam (Thailand). The archaeological and literary sources are well evident of these mercantile networks between India and Siam, which was established sometimes before the Christian era. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the scholars became interested about the history of linkages between India and Southeast Asia. New archaeological fieldwork in Siam as well as other Southeast Asian countries has unearthed important materials relating to trade and exchange between India and Southeast Asia since the pre Christian era. This paper aims to discuss the archaeological findings in Siam and in the perspective also tries to analyze the nature of connectivity between India and Siam.

219-232

Authors: Alokananda Ghosh, Biswaranjan Mistri

Equitable provision of health care services and the degree of accessibility are major challenges for developing countries. The study regarding with accessibility to health care has long been of interest to medical geographers and other social scientists. There are numerous factors that contribute to the status of maternal health care services. This investigation, in Birbhum District of West Bengal, focuses on those that affect the interval between the onset of obstetric complication and its outcome, going through the medium of accessing maternal health care services (MHCS). The use of MHCS depends as much on both the availability and accessibility of services along with the socio-economic characteristics of the users. In spite of having adequate education and satisfactory nourishment, women die during obstetric labour in different parts of the world. Geographical location and allocation of health service centres along with the terrain pattern, road condition, status of connectivity and accessibility can be the governing factors over here. Through the study, it has tried to find out the interrelationship between physiography, accessibility and connectivity with the prevailing maternal health care service and maternal health outcome status of the study area. The study has revealed the fact that the area with rugged terrain exhibiting lower accessibility, connectivity and inadequate provision of MHCS. This has raised a question on the strategic allocation of health care services and provision of service facilities to the downtrodden population.

241-253

Authors: Jayalekshmi N S, Dr. Babitha Justin

Documenting the East in the frames of the West has been the topic of discussion with respect to its oriental perceptions for many decades. The American film director James Ivory’s debut documentary on Indian miniature paintings, the Sword and the Flute (1959) brings to limelight the contrasting worlds of secular and spiritual India. Within twenty minutes it recreates Indian history under the Moguls and the subsequent blooming of the Mogul and the Rajput paintings. It highlights the oriental perception of an orderless East in search of superior powers to retain its solidarity. Complimentary to Ivory’s first documentary, Venice: Themes and Variations, the Sword and the Flute is tauter and complex as a result of the director’s observation of the selected painting for a sensuous portrayal of the medieval Indian history. This paper critically and creatively analyses the documentary with respect to the painting of history in the ideology of language and the hues of gender in the charm of music for the portrayal of the Mogul reign in the Medieval India. For the analysis the film, concepts of post-colonialism and visual culture theories, techniques of camera eyes and the aptness of voice-over narration of Saed Jaffrey along with the classical background music are used.

263-271

Authors: Koushik Dan

One of the least developed regions of West Bengal, a state of India, is Jangal Mahal. Among various factors responsible for its underdevelopment or anachronism the present paper deals with some of the important demographic character of the region. Here rural-urban population distribution, categorical distribution and gender wise distributions has been highlighted. After detailed inquiring it is seen that tribal and so called lower class dominance of population of the area may have some bearing on its anachronism.

277-288

Authors: Mr. Aritra De

The British traders started tea plantation in India as early as in 1830s. Their experience of exporting tea from China gave them ample opportunity in India for running the tea industry. They did not face any trouble as they experienced Chinese deterring policy in this sector. They started plantation initially in Assam and subsequently expanded their base in Darjiling and Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Most of the workers in tea plantation were migrated from Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Recruitment of migrated people as labourers enabled them to gain more profit at the cost of cheap wages for labourers. The British traders introduced the system of recruitment of labourers through agents and contract system. Breach of contracts on the part of the labourers was visited with severe punishment. The owners also followed stratified wage system among labourers by which female and child workers were the worst victims. The workers had to pass their livelihood in a hygienic and inhumane conditions and such livelihood pattern would inflict them with severe diseases frequently. Many workers were in life-long contracts and their destiny was vested with the owners. As most of the labourers were migrated from outside they were not in a position to go against the orders and whims of the tea garden owners. Beside acute poverty experienced by them in the past did not encourage them to go for protest.

300-305

Authors: Ms. Hoineikip Haolai

The events that unfolded on what is now referred to as ‘9/11’ have led to a stereotyping of the Islamic community as ‘terrorist’ and antithetical to the American way of life. The Muslim culture has been sought to be projected as fundamentalist and barbaric, fostering extreme reactions like terrorism as a counter response to western attitudes. This stereotyping has led to a sense of insecurity among Muslims especially amongst those living in the United States of America. In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, the protagonist Changez is a Pakistani who has lived and studied in America, looking forward to a successful career in the corporate world. His notion of identity takes a turn after 9/11, when he starts to feel misjudged, misunderstood and alienated in his adopted country. In my paper I would like to explore how the idea of ‘self’ developed in Changez after 9/11 when Western society began to adopt an anti-Islamic stance. The hostile attitude of the Americans towards Islamic society has steered Changez to embrace his roots as a Pakistani and his true identity as a Muslim. I would also like to explore how the transformation of the concept of the ‘Other’ in the post-9/11 world came about and how this alteration has affected the notion of the Self.

311-316

Authors: Dr. Henry Erhamwenmwonyi Asemota

The media in the English Language development establishes a link between the human resources and the non-human resources. They are the different kinds of things which the teachers and the students use in the teaching learning process. Institutional resources help to enhance the teaching ability of English Language teachers. They help to bridge the communication gap between the teachers and learners by assisting the teachers to explain concepts better. They help English Language teachers to reduce the amount of talking and thus make their teaching more interesting and successful. They provide opportunity for learners to see, hear and handle and thus create a high degree of interest in English language. They offer a reality experience which stimulates self-activity on the part of learners. They make learning more concrete, crystallized, practical, applicable and meaningful. They enhance the rate of retention of what students are taught. They change the role of the teacher as sole dispenser of knowledge to that of coordinator of learning experiences. They permit students to proceed at their own pace. They provide the learners with opportunities for practice. They stimulate thoughts and discussions of students. They inspire students to higher levels of achievement. Strategies that are being used for making instruction more understandable are the visual scaffolding, the realia, imaging, graphic organizers and the interactive. Maximum utilization of available instructional resources depends on how they are selected and employed by English Language teachers and learners.

1-8

Authors: Dr. Bikash Roy

Literary criticism includes two dimensions—the first is of theory, and the second is about its application. The first one, i.e. the theoretical dimension is always considered to be the “Literary theory” or “literary philosophy”. Professor Bhabatosh Dutta once opined, “Bankim Chandra is the pioneering figure to talk about the literary theory in Bengali literature.” The literary criticism of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, in one way is the criticism of life. And the main essence of his criticism is to meditate on the issue of amelioration of human condition through the ideals of beauty. The literary criticism of Bankim Chandra is considered as The Republic of literature. Bankim Chandra embraced the poetics of the Western world instead of the ‘rasa theory’ imagined by the aesthetes of ancient Indian kāvya poetry. Formalist criticism, Genre Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Historical Criticism, and Interdisciplinary Criticism are main schools of the whole discourse of literary criticism. Bankim Chandra’s “Bibidha Samalochona” (1876) a collection of nine essays namely: Uttar Charit, Geeti kavya, Bidyapati Joydev, Aryajatir Shukkha shilpa, Shakuntala-Miranda-Desdemona, Prakrita-Otiprakrita, Krishna Charit, Droupadi, Sekal ar Ekal. The present paper aims to evaluate Bankim Chandra as theorist and critic by keeping this book in the forefront.

16-25

Authors: Dr. Dipan Das

The overarching gamut of short stories has been enriching the vast terrain of Bengali literature in the Modern Times. It is equally enriching the taste bud of millions. The negotiations of the known/unknown characters/characteristics live illuminated and highlighted the limits of various realities. If we look into the modalities of short story we not only come across the dram of life in it but could also trace the dramatic essence which is inevitable in drama per se. It is in this context that this paper foregrounds the dramatic quality within short stories highlighting stories of yester years in Bengali literature.

35-41

Authors: Dr. Goutam Kumar Nag

The present paper is a linguistic analysis of the simple future tense ( sādhāran bhabishyat ) according to the traditional nomenclature) in Bengali. The study of tense forms in traditional Bengali grammar has mainly been confined to the morphological level. The semantic significance of different tense forms have never been studied in a systematic way. There is a great discrepancy in the tense system as has been defined in traditional Bengali grammar and as it functions in real life. We have chosen one tense form viz. simple future ( sādhāran bhabishyat ) to highlight this discrepancy. In this study we have demonstrated different uses of this tense form which have been ignored by traditional grammarians. We have illustrated the temporal and the modal uses, and the future and non-future uses in the sub category of the temporal uses of this verbal form. We have tried to explain the significance of all the uses and bring out the unifying factor.

59-72

Authors: Haseena Jasmine C K

The financial health of public sector enterprises is severely affected by a number of problems such as high interest burden, transport cost, accumulation of stock, outdated technology, low recovery, high cost of production etc. This paper looks at the vulnerability of the restructured public sector enterprises in Kerala. This article aims at using bankruptcy prediction model developed by Edward Altman, Professor of Finance, Stern School of Business, New York University, i.e., the application of Z-Score method to the selected public sector enterprises in Kerala, for the purpose of predicting their financial health. Three public sector enterprises located in the state of Kerala were selected and their financial soundness is assessed with the help of ‘Z’ score analysis, Production Performance Analysis and Sales Performance Analysis and Break Even Analysis. The conclusions drawn could provide effective guidelines to the management of selected public sector enterprises in Kerala and their stakeholders. Keywords: Financial Distress, Z score Analysis, Public Sector Enterprises, Production Performance Analysis, Sales Performance Analysis and Break Even Analysis

75-86

Authors: Ang Kean Hua

Malacca is a historical-based tourism destination. Tourism activities attract international and local tourists, together with local residents, which concentrate in Malacca Central especially near the Malacca River. Rapid development through land use and uncontrolled human activities cause contamination occur in Malacca River. Therefore, this research study has been conducted to determine public perception in water resources development. Quantitative approach applied, where questionnaire with Likert scale form are distributed for 400 respondents at Alor Gajah and Malacca Central along and adjacent to Malacca River. Meanwhile, research analysis used is chi square (x2) test with Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.759. Analysis of results showed majority respondents agreed on Malacca River is polluted due to rapid development and human activities. Pollution in the Malacca River causes poisoning, death and extinction of aquatic animals, spreads various infectious diseases, affects soil saturation and plant species, harms local residents through bad odor or acid rain and natural disaster, and destroys the natural environment overall. Hence, government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and local residents should join and work together to protect the river from destruction. Keywords: Historical tourism, rapid development, human activities, polluted river, destruction.

96-101

Authors: Ranjit Basumatary

School education is imparted through a number of pre-primary, primary, middle, high and higher secondary school. School education embedded with the higher education determines the quality of life and productive factors and thus promotes economic growth and provides a foundation for economic development. The present study is a comprehensive study of school educational status in the four districts of BTAD that highlights the growth of schools, performance of school education in terms of pass percentage in the high school leaving certificate (HSLC) examination. It has also highlighted the employment avenues in the primary and secondary schools and the obstacles face by these institutions. The study concludes with summary of findings. Key Words: Employment, Growth, Performance and School Education.

109-121

Authors: Jayeeta Bhattacharjee

Tea plays a significant role in our life. Starting from the early morning we take tea. Tea acts as a stimulant for Central Nervous System, (CNS) and skeletal muscles. That is why tea removes fatigue, tiredness and headache. It also increases the capacity of thinking; it is used in lowering of body temperature. Moreover tea drinking has recently proven to be associated with cell - mediated immune function of the human body. Tea plays an important role in providing immunity against intestinal disorders and in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. Tea also prevents dental caries due to the presence of fluoride. The role of tea is well established in normalizing blood pressure, lipid depressing activity, prevention of coronary heart diseases and diabetes by reducing the blood - glucose activity. Both green and black tea infusions contain a number of antioxidants, mainly catechins that have anti - carcinogenic, anti - mutagenic and anti - turmeric properties. Today, tea forms an integral part of the modern healthy lifestyle, which comprises a balanced diet, combined with regular exercise routine. Extensive research and studies have revealed that tea is one of the richest sources of antioxidants. These antioxidants, as scientists agree, are found in tea in the form of poly phenols. Antioxidants are important to our health because they protect our bodies from free radicals. Free radicals are oxygen containing molecules that are created by a by - product of our digestive processes. Free radicals left unchecked damage our cells and DNA, leading to disease and aging. There are many rumors regarding the intake of tea which has no valid proof. It contains so many elements, many of them help us tremendously, but the people are not aware of it. This is the reason for studying this topic.

134-140

Authors: Dr. (Mrs) J.I. Ndukwue

The challenges of language teaching and learning in our schools today constitute the foremost issues in language Education. The tremendous role that language, especially English language plays in the development of every individual and the nation educationally cannot be relegated to the background. Language Education is very important in the educational system of the Nigerian nation due to the multilingual nature of the society. English language is the medium of instruction across all educational levels and hence the bedrock of the teaching and learning process in our schools. The English language teacher therefore, is faced with the task of achieving this laudable educational objective. The paper set out to x-ray and take cursory look at the National language policy on primary education, the prevailing situation on implementation process of the policy. It examines the challenges and the way forward emanating from the National language policy on primary Education.

150-156

Authors: Chingangbam Newgold Devi

Women are actively participating in the entrepreneurial activities of the society. It helps in improving the economic conditions of the women’s in the society and makes them independent. It also helps in improving the economic conditions of both the family and the society. But there are many reasons behind becoming entrepreneurs by women. The paper discuses the reasons and sources of help women entrepreneurs receive while starting the enterprise. Becoming economically independent is the main motive of becoming entrepreneurs that is found in the study. The present study was done among the women entrepreneurs of Imphal East district, Manipur. Key Words: entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, women entrepreneur.

167-172

Authors: Binita Nath

Women constitute almost half of the population in the world. But the hegemonic masculine ideology made them suffer a lot as they were denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. In Indian culture since time immemorial women enjoyed significant status. But during the course of civilization women lost their prominence and made them accepted secondary status to men. Indian women generally facing all types of barriers like literacy, domestic violence, lack of motivation and support and many more. Darrang district of Assam a small part of bigger India is not escaped from these injustices to women. So it is very essential for the harmonious development of our country that women could go hand by hand and shoulder to shoulder with men. For all these injustice it has been seen that the lack of education of women is the prime cause. Therefore authority concern must look forward for the development of women education. Key words: Women, Education, Development, Injustice, Status

181-188

Authors: Abhisek Chakraborty

The main purpose of the study was to define the role of NGOs in promotion of inclusion of visually challenged children in West Bengal. It was found that although various schemes have been initiated by various NGOs are working for the benefit of the visually challenged children, yet they are not fully benefitted from these schemes. So, while continuing with existing schemes and involvement of NGO in the field of nurturing inclusion of visually challenged children, efforts should be made to identify technically competent NGOs and enable them to assume a larger role in sync with government agencies in a significant manner. Inclusion is viewed in terms of promoting a holistic development of the child and providing equality of access to opportunities. Key Words: NGOs, Inclusion, Visually Challenged Children, WestBengal.

229-239

Authors: Dr. Vinita Pandey

Women Safety in India has become a critical concern in past one decade. The criminal and inhuman ‘Nirbhaya rape case’ in New Delhi in 2012 brought in forefront several critical issues pertaining to women safety in India. Though India as a country philosophically popularized that ‘God resides where women are respected’ unfortunately has seen massive increase in crimes against women in past one decade. Several initiatives and laws seem to be insufficient to ensure women safety. The paper presents the concept of community policing in ensuring women safety in India. Police as an agency of law and order finds it challenging to meet all the requirements and services to ensure women safety. The dismal police–population ratio in India (106 police personnel per 0.1 million population) has not only over-burdened the critical forces but have been influencing their performance immensely. In this background, the paper argues how community policing can provide a new perspective towards women safety in India.

246-251

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Rai

Cognitive Science as an interdisciplinary endeavour that interfaces with Psychology, Neuroscience, Medicine, Computer Science and Philosophy is well placed to address the different aspects of yoga and meditation research. The research on yoga and meditation would also help in solving fundamental problems in cognitive science. As we know The current age of speed and competition has increased the stresses and strains resulting in an increasing occurrence of lifestyle-related health problems and purposely managers’ lives have become a never ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and irritation and finally manifests itself as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This contemporary lifestyle intensifies the stress leading to “Excessive Tension” and consequent worsening in “Executive Efficiency.” One of the gradually more popular tools to overcome this original challenge is physical activity. There is growing proof that has established the payback of physical exercises in preventing lifestyle-related diseases such as main prevention of diabetes, avoidance of cardiac diseases through control over major risk factors such as smoking, lipids, obesity, and stress, better quality of life of cancer patients, positive health in normal persons through better physical fitness, and stress reduction. Yoga, which is measured to be a tool for both physical and mental development of an individual, is being documented around the globe only in the last century although it has been practiced in India over several centuries to promote positive health and well-being. It gives solace for the restless mind and can give great relief to the sick. It has become quite fashionable even for the common man to keep fit. With rising scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an significant health behavior-modifying practice to achieve states of health, both at physical and mental levels. Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of yoga on health behavior in many lifestyle-related somatic problems such as hypertension, bronchial asthma, diabetes including some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety neurosis and depressive illness. This study has find out that Yoga and Mediation are more strong tool for removing psychological and physical problems of human being . On the bases of yoga and meditation each man can change their behaviour and personality and also they can obtain good and healthy mind .

259-266

Authors: Md. Zinarul Hoque Biswas

Social exclusion is multidimensional concept. The Muslim community is an excluded group in India. Muslims of West Bengal are a substantial minority and second religious group. They are, being in disadvantageous position and in marginal condition, socio-economically backward in the state of West Bengal. Even though there is lack of literature on the study of Muslims of West Bengal, the present study is an attempt to explore their socio-economic condition, living standard and social exclusion of Muslims in West Bengal. The study based on the collection of data from various secondary sources. The Muslims are excluded in the major aspects of social living such as education, employment, government opportunities, social and physical infrastructure and health. The possible ways, to escape from social exclusion like reservation for Muslims and other major steps, have been taken by the Government of West Bengal. Key Words: Muslims, social condition, social segregation, Muslim reservation.

279-289

Authors: Magnus C. Unegbu, Nkechi Amaechi, Ifeoma Njoku, Immaculata Opara

The general purpose of the study is to determine the influence of socio-demographic variables on the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by lecturers in library schools in South- East and South- South zones of Nigeria. The survey research design was used for the study using questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Three research questions were framed for the study. The study covers the entire population of 162 lecturers in library schools in South - East and South – South zones of Nigeria. 145 copies of the questionnaire were completed and returned for analysis representing 89.5%. The result of finding shows that age does not influence lecturers’ use of ICT. That both male and female lecturers use ICT. The study recommends that seminars and workshops on ICT should be organized for lecturers. This will help to expose them to the potentials which ICT offers in the field of academic and through this way arouse their interest more towards the use of ICT.

297-302

Authors: Kusum Doley

Jainism is primarily an ethical teaching and its aim is the perfection of the soul. The idea of the soul has occupied an important place in Jaina Philosophy. The whole universe is brought under the two everlasting, uncreated, eternal and co-existing categories which are called which are Jiva and Ajiva. Jiva means the conscious spirit and Ajiva means the unconscious non-spirit. According to Jainism a Jiva or a soul is a conscious substance. Consciousness is the essence of the soul. Jiva is self-illuminated and illuminated other things also. The soul is eternal, but it also undergoes, changes of states. Jainism is realistic and pluralistic. It believes in the reality of the world with all the plural objects in it. When the soul is freed from bondage of karma and has transcended the possibility of rebirth, it attains liberation. Karma is a subtle matter which enters into the soul and causes its bondage. By ignorance the soul identifies itself with matter. Karma is the link which unites the soul to the body. Ignorance of truth and four passions which are called Kasaya or sticky substance. The state when Karmic particles actually begin to flow towards the soul to bind. The state when these particles actually infiltrate into the soul and bind it is called bandha or bondage. In Jainism liberation can come only through true discrimination between soul and matter. It bondage of the soul is its association with matter, liberation must mean the complete dissociation of the soul from matter. This can be attained by complete elimination of the matter with which the soul has become already mingled. Right faith, knowledge and conduct are the three Jewels (tri-ratna) of Jainism. They are inseparably bound up and perfection of one goes with the perfection of the other two. This paper is an attempt to study the concept of Soul and Liberation in Jainism. Key words: Jainism, jiva, soul, bondage, liberation.

320-346

Authors: Tariq Bin Sarwar

Corporate criminality is a global and relatively new phenomenon in the world which leaves deep impact on the lives of the individuals and the society at large. This necessitates the dissection of this concept to come with findings to deal with corporate crimes. It poses potential challenge to the criminal justice system in many ways. Therefore, this treatise seeks to discuss corporate crimes from the global perspective with its nature, causes and it will try to identify the effects of this sort of crime. Corporations are more powerful than the states because of their huge capital. Corporations control the government and wield power over it for the purpose of fulfilling its object which is maximization of profits at any cost. In this venture corporations do away with the ethics, moral values and the laws. Corporate powers are not confined within a particular territory; multinational corporations function in different countries and thus spread crimes worldwide. But corporate crimes, being different from the ordinary crimes, are not easily detectable. Hence, punishment of the corporate criminals appears to be a big challenge for the government, especially of the developing countries which are the most vulnerable to, and affected by, the corporate crimes. The task of the research is to analyze the facts and cases of corporate crimes in different parts of the world. It will discuss the means through which corporate crimes have been confronted with so far and the theories developed to fight corporate crimes. The essay will try to find out the measures necessary to stop corporate crime. Key words: Corporation, Corporate Crime, Criminal Justice system, Society, Challenges.

364-374

Authors: Sudipta Biswas

Housing is universally accepted as basic need for the survival of human beings. International development forums have accepted the fact and promoted it as one of the important development agenda for all countries especially underdeveloped nations. Government of India realized the fact and has taken different steps time to time after independence to ensure housing for all rural households. Introduction of Indira AwaasYojana as an independent flagship scheme by the central government during 1995-96 was a major step towards ensuring “housing for all” in rural India. The scheme has played crucial role in addressing rural homelessness since inception though still there is a gap to meet the demand. This paper evaluates performance of the scheme giving emphasis on the performance of last one or two decades against the backdrop of the magnitude of the problem of housing in rural India. It analyses both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the performance of the scheme. The paper gives notes on widening the scope of the scheme to cover other interrelated issues and concludes with certain suggestions for improvement. Secondary source of data has been used for the purpose of analysis. This paper is likely to be relevant to those who are interested to know about the performance of the flagship scheme and scope of improvements to meet the rural need. Keywords: Homelessness, Housing, IAY, Indira Awaas Yojana, Panchayati Raj Institutions, PRIs.

380-391

Authors: Dr. Sudha S.R. , Dr. Manjunath T.R.

Gone are the days, when economic development used to be measured by referring to growth rate in GDP, these are the days where development is measured by referring to a wide variety of socio-economic indicators. Of these health indicators play a vital role, owing to the greater emphasis being given to human development indices in the recent decades. In this connection health infrastructure and expenditure on health, assumes in significance. The study points out that health infrastructure has not been spread evenly throughout the state. As the study reveals most districts in the northern part of Karnataka have been suffering from inadequate health infrastructure. The state has not yet been successful in addressing the problems of health care inequalities. Turning to the trends in public expenditure on medical and public health, the data reveals interesting findings of the total public expenditure on medical and public health, the revenue expenditure has all along been higher than the capital expenditure. In respect of per capita health expenditure, there has been only a nominal rise i.e., from is Rs. 134 in 1995-96 to Rs. 263 in 2009-10. Interestingly health expenditure as per cent of NSDP which was 1.4 in 1995-96, turned out to be 1.5 in 2009-10 reflecting no tangible rise in health expenditure over the years. The public investment on health is not sufficient for the growing population. Hence, increased public investment on health is a necessary pre-requisite for achieving goals of growth, equity and stability. Key words: Health infrastructure, health expenditure, gross domestic product, net state domestic product, per capita

401-405

Authors: Dr. D. G Hanumanthappa

The Government is doing all possible efforts to keep itself and citizens to the information tranjected. Usually between government man and business man. Today’s government has trust in the efficient E-Governance and its spread-eagled use across the world and truly realized the importance of E-Governance. E-Government means of local, National Government information and service to the citizen, Businessman and the government Agencies online-Governance is the kind of technology that provides government services online, it also helps the authorities to keep watch on the servant’s to enhance effectively and efficiently. This paper deals with some of the important modals of E-Governance, further other areas of E-Governance are also looked into in depth. Keywords: E-Government, E-Governance, G2B, G2G, Pillars, G2C.

1-10

Authors: Swadesh Ranjan Choudhury

Bhojpuri community is found in various professional divisions. They are mainly manual labourer and hard working. They are less educated and most of them are illiterate. They came from the districts of Bihar, Jharkhand and adjacent Uttar Pradesh. Their position in the scenario of Dialectical tendency. The young have been accepting the utterance of RARI influence like existing social customs old colloquial utterance. Inference in relation to illiterate-literate, static-mobile. The research work will reveal the reality. The mobile have the movement outside their locality and the static have the movement within their locality. The Dialectical group has been divided into btwelve divisions. The dialectical age groups-below forty and above forty have accepted the RARI utterance of their own. The mathematical Calculation of Dialectical mixture group. Ascertainment of gradual increase of level in West Bengal East-RARI-Dialect. Utterance mobile and static group. Special characterstic of the tendency in RARI-Dialectical utterance. Becoming older or less in age of Bhojpuri people; The change of Aspirate and unaspirated sounds in Bhojpuri people. Palato-gluttural vowels and unaspirated-voiced-dental-labial sound. Prefix, suffix and in between of word, open and closed ‘A’ Sound, Gluttural Voice-less unaspirated sound of them. Auto change always in cerebral sound and the process of Voiced and unvoiced sounds in their dialect. Scenario of dialectical tendency and formal classification of sound, Proximity, Insertion of Euphony glides ‘Y’ and ‘W’ of the Bhojpuri people are seen. People and their language. Current Sociolinguistic situation. Syllabic Structure. Key Words: Bhojpuri Community; Literate and Illiterate; Manners and customs; Spread labial sound; word formation; Affixes Primary and Secondary; Tendency of word to drop internal ‘r’ and ‘h’; Mobile and immobile; Dialectical tendency; Mathematical calculation of dialectical blending; Gradual increase in east RARI Dialect; Vervs and verb Morphology; Echo Words; Reduplication; Basic Syntax.

21-30

Authors: Dr. Gautam Kumar Nag

Our object of study is Tagore’s dance drama Chitrangada which pivots on the theme of love and beauty. In the present paper we have undertaken an analysis of the vocabulary related to “eyes” or “vision” that figure in the songs and speeches of different characters of the play. We have attempted to demonstrate that through such a lexical analysis it is possible to highlight the role of eyes in different stages of development and progress of love, from the initial phase of craving for physical beauty to the stage of enlightenment where the inner eyes yearn for spiritual beauty. This study reveals an important aspect of the Tagorean conception of love and beauty. Key Words: love, beauty, eyes, vocabulary, lexical analysis.

36-45

Authors: Bishwajit Poddar

Context of shelter has been created in several dramas, short stories and poems of Rabindranath Tagore. In the present research paper, the researcher has chosen the subject of shelter and intends to show to what extent the shelter issue played a role in bringing about the completeness of the plot and establishing the thoughts and ideals of Tagore in these dramas, short stories and poems. It has been found that the characters who resorted to any shelter established themselves as a symbol of protest. They became rather the mover of the plot by their brilliancy of personalities. Key Words: Shelter, Protest, Personality, Thoughts and Ideals of Rabindranath Tagore.

59-63

Authors: Rituparna Ghosh

Tibet, Land of black magic, and centre of several mystical stories is considered Shangri-la of east the place of eternal youth. Though India and this Hidden Land Tibet have vast difference but they have closely related with each other. It is strange that in spite of having this vast difference between them, the Tibetan choose to accept the Indian Buddhism, not only that but also Tibetan script, culture, education, literature, grammar all are based on Indian script, culture, education, literature, grammar. And it is not hesitate to say that, most of Tibetan myth and legends are derived from Indian origins. The very common myth in Tibet about the advent of population and the first king of Tibet came originally from India. It is said that, all Tibetan mythology, miracles and legends are rise and progress with Buddhism. Key Words: Queen of myth, Hidden land, Mystic land, Sron-tsan Gampo, Bon.

71-76

Authors: Swarup Dey

Jibanananda, a surrealist or realist by nature,is a poet of nature,love and feminism. He is an artist too. His ‘Banalata Sen’is a album of a serious of partial portrayals.In this collection of poems he delineates the artistic conscience of his soul self which is enlightened by his lively spirit,moveble by his mind and by his emotions.In this composition,Jibanananda not only portrays the swam of verse but also draws an imagery dreamboat full of intriguing imaginations.This imagery nothing but the picture of words and languages.The composition is replete with unique beauties of various small partial pictures drawn on the heart of men with perfect literary skills and anunparallel exhibition of those word pictures.Every poem of this composition is packed with a fine sensation of life based on various word pictures.Not only the images is taken from nature but also there exists the abundance of image from love and romanticism.Our heart touched by those image drawn on feminism or hearts of the women.Besides,the presentation of images from the ideas of death and the conscience of history is highly and artistically accomplished only by such on artist like Jibanananda.Straight along Jibanananda is quite different from others.He is a man of different ideas and that is why is creations bear individual testimony.So his composition not only delineates the natural images but also he gives keen inquisitiveness towards the image of sharp realism.He says,”Hridoya vore giache amar bistirna felter sabuj gasher gandhe.”Once he says,”Hemanta easeche tabu:balle se gasher upare sab bichano pater.”While he is speaking about the ideas of death he says,Hoityo gulir sabdo/amadher stabdhota/amadher santi//.” Moreover, while potraying imeges from feminism he says,Sabita manush janmo amra peyache/mane hoye kono eak basonter rate//.”Even while delinealing the image from forest he is highly successfull in exhibitions an innovative and unique model such as-“Batashe nilavo hoye ashe jeno prantorer gash.”So to conclude it is said that,the composition of ‘Banalata Sen’is an unique amalgamation of nobel images taken from the every nook and corner of nature,real world love or romanticisim and even from the feminism.

88-93

Authors: Anupam Dutta

A Human being and his innate values are inseparable, as is any object and its reflection. Though it is not always apparent, it indeed exists and gets expressed when it finds the situation appropriate. The main obstructions in the way of its expression are violence and enmity, selfishness, economic crisis, superstition, political corruption, class division and cast distinction. If we look back through time, we would see that the last two causes come out as the penultimate reason behind this social and humanistic degradation. It might not have been as prominent as we see in Horoppa and Mahenjadaro, yet, at the initial stage of Arian civilization, especially during the Rig-Vedic age, the seed of this distinction had already been sown when people were distinguished according to their merits and quality of activities. This distinction became more rigid during the later period of Atharva-Vedic age, the reflection of which, even in more deteriorated form, we find in the Primary epics and the Puranas. And with the concretization of this distinction, begins the deterioration of human values. The books like “Yajnavalkyasamhita”, “Manusamhita”, “Arthashastra”, “Mricchakatikam”, etc. reflected this deterioration. The question is, despite the sincere attempts from the great persons like Rammohan, Vivekananda to uplift people from such orthodox value-system, have we really been able to come out of its derogatory effect? Key Words: value system, degradation, class distinction, time, civilization.

100-111

Authors: Mahadeb Ghosh and Biswaranjan Mistri

Population growth is a great concern in the world in general and in developing countries in particular to sustain population of our mother earth. Population growth rate varies spatio-temporally in various socio-economic and ecological contexts. Status of women depends on the socio-economic structures in which she is born and brought up. Level of women’s education influences the possibility for women engagement in various economic sectors. Economic engagement of women workforce in any earning activities leading to late marriage, enable themselves to take own family decision and empowers women to decide herself the number of progeny including other human rights. In case of earning mother, lack of time to bear and rear the offspring as well as their economic stability enhances the urge for development of children through modern education and hygienic healthy management. Nadia District of West Bengal is a land of alluvium soil and intensive subsistence farming is dominant economic activity. As per Census of India (2011), female literacy rate is lower (70.98%) than male literacy (78.75%), percentage of women work participation rate (WWPR) is less (11.48) than male workers (58.53%). Growth rate of population is 12.24%. Female literacy rate and female work participation are positively related (r = 0.87984) and it is significant at 2% level for 4 degree of freedom(d.f.) and t value is 3.702. Female workers and population growth are negatively related (r = -0.73601) and it is significant at 10% level for 4 d.f. (t value is 2.174). The aim of the study is to know how socio-economic conditions of women control the natural growth of population in Nadia District of West Bengal. Key Words: Natural Population Growth, Women Education and Women Work Force.

123-133

Authors: Dr. Magdalena Piłat-Borcuch

Just as good urban design is not easy to define; it is equally difficult to measure. In this paper the intangible qualities of good urban design is proposed to assess the current and future development of a city. The term “intangible” includes areas of our lives that are not represented physically. It points to invisible realms of the human existence. As “intangible qualities of good urban design”, I regard: the nature and atmosphere of the city; movement, linkages, bandwidth and availability; mix-use, density and diversity. The main research problem explored in this paper is: what is the attitude of the employees/employers at design studios and students of design from the School of Form in Poznań and the Jan Kochanowski University towards aspects defining intangible qualities of good urban design. Key Words: Sociology, urban, city, good urban design, design.

168-175

Authors: Dr.Shradha Mathur

Ageing is likely to introduce changes in the nature, direction and trends of interactions involving social support from significant others, both during and after retirement. Retirement from active employment is a period of adjustment for an elderly and is associated with transitions in social support networks. The present study is an empirical attempt to explore and understand the nature, direction and trends of social support among the elderly in their retirement years (within five years after retirement). The sample for the study constituted 40 retired elderly (males =20 and females= 20) identified using snowball sampling, from Jaipur City of Rajasthan, India. The identified sample was administered short form of Social Support Questionnaire (Sarason et al 1987) and only the first part of the questionnaire assessing the number of persons available for help (SSQN) was employed for the purpose of analysis and interpretation of social support networks. Findings reveal differences in nature, direction and trends of social support networks of retired elderly males and females. After retirement, spousal support dominates the social support networks of the elderly. Elderly men perceive same gender siblings and friends as important source of social support whereas elderly women consider children and immediate family as prime support system after spouse. Social support networks of spouseless elderly women involve children, siblings and friends. The study also throws light on non conventional forms of social support (such as divinity, religion, yoga, meditation and leisure activities) which are perceived as substitutions against the conventional human support in the retired years. Key Words: Elderly, social support, dependence, conventional and non-conventional social support, family.

182-186

Authors: Dr. Abul Kalam Choudhury

Love is considered as a mean to understanding and gaining knowledge of God since ancient period, consequently mysticism continue as a way to being set free from worldly things and attaining approbation from the God. Literature had much done in circulating importance and role of mysticism in society. Mystical Arabic poetry goes through several stages including ‘Islamic’ by which knowledge can be achieved through wisdom and sense. Deep love and affection have more importance in these steps of mysticism, while we can see plenty of Arabic poetry dealing with mystical ideas through whole hearted love. Mystical Arabic poetry depict broad concept of love. Jalaluddin Rumi, Ibnul farid, Imam Busuri, Hallaj and others portrayed the concept of love through their collection of poems (Diwaan). Specially Mathnawi, the Diwan -i- Kabir, the Majalis-i- Sab’ah, the Maktubat or the collection of his discourses Fihi ma Fihi written by Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi is filled with Mystical ideas, love and wisdom of God. There are some differences in the idea of love in mystical Arabic poetry and other love poetry, such as the feeling of love between the ode of Pre Islamic poet Imrul Qais and the Qasida of Ibnul farid is completely different. So, in this paper I would like to describe about the concept of love in Arabic literature, Mysticism in Arabic poetry, and Difference between Mystical Arabic poetry and Other Arabic poetry. Key Words: Mysticism, Love, Knowledge, Devotion, Metaphysical priority.

192-199

Authors: Dr. Runumi Devi

Women trafficking is a major worldwide problem of concern and is a curse to the human civilization. It is considered that women trafficking is one of the most profitable immoral business where more and more criminal network are getting involved with it. There are so many reasons are associated with the problem of women trafficking. This problem is more critical in rural areas where most of the people are less aware or unaware about women trafficking. These people trust on the propaganda of traffickers and send their daughter and young girls to unknown place away from their village without knowing and verifying address given by traffickers. Therefore it is an urgent need to study the awareness level of rural parents regarding women trafficking. For the study , the investigator has selected five villages of Kamrup district of Assam. Out of these five villages ,two hundred parents ( 100 literate and 100 illiterate) have been selected as sample parents by using simple random method. Collected data were analyzed by using statistical method . Key Words: Human trafficking, Women trafficking , rural parents, awareness, trafficker’s propaganda.

207-212

Authors: Nayan Jyoti Das

Proto- Astraloid by origin with an Astro-Asiatic tongue, the Santal is the biggest homogenous tribe of India who has the history ancient to that of Aryan , Dravidian and Mongolian. The Santal is a wandering tribe and has a long history of migration. At present they have been scattered in the areas like Santal Pargana, Chattishgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Assam. The present study aims to explore her role in the Santal society. While discussing the position of women in the Santal society the most important thing to be noticed is their right to property. So an attempt would also be made to discuss the right of the Santal women to the property belonged to her family. The Santal community has well defined Traditional Self- Governance Institutions. The researcher, in this present study, would also try to present her position in the Tribal Self-Governance of the Santal Society. Key Words: The Satals, Santali woman, role, right, position.

223-232

Authors: Stellah Mungaila

This paper is a summary of a research study established to investigate the pastoral roles of female and male pastors in Pentecostal churches in Zambia from a Christian feminist perspective. Structured questionnaires, Interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides were used. Divine calling was cited as the reason for becoming pastors by the male Pastors and the 38.7% of female pastors. The majority of female pastors (61.3%) became pastors because their spouses were pastors. Male pastors were the ‘heads’ and mostly made strategic and tactical decisions whilst the majority of female pastors were assistant pastors,heads of female department and mostly made operational decisions. Compared to the male pastors, pastoral qualifications were not enough to earn female pastors governing authority. The study recommends the redesigning of pastoral training curriculum to include gender equality issues, use of the Gender Parity Model of Leadership (GPML) and encouraging women to go for pastoral training. Key Words: Feminism, Feminist Theology, Christian Feminism, Pentecostal churches, Religious authority.

239-246

Authors: Ritumani Haloi

The main objective of this paper is to examine the significance and constraints of media (Electronics and Print) in rural development especially in the state of Assam. Media, the fourth pillar of democracy has been playing an ample role in the process of societal transformation over the years. With the application of science and technology in media, the societal integration, co-operation, mobilization, continuity of values and culture has been increasing in our society. We are thinking about the ‘Global Village’ not because of development that results from science and technology in modern days only but because of spread of information through media about the development around the world. This paper is prepared by using both Primary and Secondary data. It is expected that the outcome of this paper will be an important document in understanding the status and problems of media in our state and the possible policy that can initiate by the Govt. to protect and strengthen the media sector in order to achieve integrity and development in rural society in the era of knowledge economy. Key Words: Media, Rural Development, Global Village, Knowledge economy.

253-256

Authors: Barnali Sikder

If we illustrate the term “women Empowerment” as a simple process of empowering women in every aspect of the society-we should be brave enough to say that the goal is not achieved even today. Need of this hour is a deeper understanding of the term women empowerment then only women will be free from the clutches of their marginalized identity. Media and specially film is a strong medium to unveil the vulnerable reality of the so called empowered women. Rituporno Ghosh an eminent filmmaker has efficiently translated few of Tagore’s writing into films. Here is an effort to scroll down from Tagore to Rituporno Ghosh’s work to get a brighter view of the reality and women’s condition in it. How much a woman can be empowered is an agenda of understanding both in Tagore and in Ghosh’s works. With a keen and sensitive presentation of women protagonists in many of his award winning movies Rituporno Ghosh has proved that there are many layers and shades of truth in which a woman has to lead her life. Through the visual presentation of Tagore’s works like Noukadubi, Chokherbali and Chitrangada-Ghosh has created a benchmark in revealing a whole new shed of women characters which talk a lot about the essence of the term “women empowerment” clarifying their status as “other” Key Words: woman empowerment, marginalized identity, other.

262-270

Authors: Mustafa Nadeem Kirmani,Preeti Sharma,Mohammed Anas and Rumana Sanam

The aim of the present study was to examine the Hope, Resilience and Subjective well-being in a group of college going adolescent girls. The main objectives of the current study were to (i) Examine Hope among college going adolescent girls (ii) Examine Resilience among college going adolescent girls (iii) Examine Subjective well-being among college going adolescent girls and (iv) Examine relationships among the mentioned variables. A sample of 98 college going adolescent girls from one of the Government universities at Aligarh city were selected for the current study using convenience sampling technique. The measures used were i) Sociodemographic Date Sheet ii) Adult Trait Hope Scale(Snyder et al,1991) iii) Subjective Well-being Scale (Diener, 1985) and iv)Resilience Scale (Wagnild & Young ,1993). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, SD and correlational analysis was used to examine the relationships among the variables. The findings indicate significant positive relationships among Hope and Resilience, Hope and Subjective well-being and Resilience and Subjective well-being. The study highlights the importance of promoting positive mental health programs among college going adolescents using intervention strategies enhancing hope, resilience and subjective well-being in them. Key Words: Hope, resilience, subjective well-being, positive mental health.

278-287

Authors: Md. Akramul Hoque

The Sher Shah Abadi Community was the descendents of Afghan soldiers in general. However considering the Arabic influence on its dialect, it can be presumed that their forefathers were the people of Nuristan in Afghanistan. At first they might have migrated from an Arab region to Nuristan via Iraq, invaded Bengal as soldiers of Sher Shah and might have permanently settled in Shershahbad Pargana. They had been deprived of professions as soldiers and others officials during Mughal periods and continued to spend disastrous lives. They were also victimized by the British rules. The hostile attitude of British Power alienated them. Consequently they participated in anti-British Movements like Wahabi Movement and challenged the British oppressors in many ways. Even after 60 years of achieving independence, they are lagging behind others in respect of socio-economic conditions like education, government jobs, businesses etc. Key Words: Bengal, Shershahbad Pargana, Sher Shah Abadi Community, Wahabi Movement.

296-304

Authors: Dipak Bhattacharya and Sanjukta Sahoo

Art and Aesthetic value begin with early age but it gets moulded most in the secondary stage. Art and Aesthetic value in a child need to be implanted in students during secondary stage, so that they make the proper and effective utilization of its value in their life. This study was intended to find out the implementation of art and aesthetic value in curriculum transaction among secondary school students. The study was conducted in 5 secondary schools (Class IX and X) of Contai Municipality by using descriptive survey method. To find out the curriculum transaction for art and aesthetic value self-made observation schedule for teachers and interview schedule for students were used in this study. The study found that Sixty percent teachers (60%) did not have any awareness regarding implementation of art and aesthetic value during classroom teaching. The study found that eighty percent (80%) teachers had not used pictorial aids in the classroom to inculcate value among students. The study also found that eighty percent (80%) teachers were not giving specific attention on dance, painting, poetry writing and seventy five (75%) students believed that teachers were not giving specific attention on performance of drama/role play to understand particular topic. Key Words: Art value; Aesthetic value; Curriculum transaction, Secondary school.

316-321

Authors: Sabina Yasmin and C. Hazarika

Agricultural risk is associated with negative outcomes that arise from imperfectly predictable variables like outbreak of pests and diseases , adverse climatic factors like drought , flood and storm , resourse risks like non availability or poor quality of inputs, price risk, which altogether are beyond the control of the farmers. Under such situation crop insurance protects farmers against the various risks that affect them adversely. The state of Assam is primarily an agricultural economy, where agricultural operations are mostly carried out through traditional means using indigenous tools and implements. The farmers are primarily engaged in sustaining their farming for household management rather than profit maximisation. In this light crop insurance is an important tool in helping the farmers to stand against the adversities arising in agricutural practices. Therefore it becomes very important for the farmers to be aware about the benefits of crop insurance. But sad enough the farmers of Assam are very much iliterate about the basic idea of crop insurance leave alone the prevailing schemes. Therefore in this study we try to check the awareness level of the farmers of the kamrup rural district and understand the impedements that come in the way of understanding and adoption of crop insurance among the farmers.

334-342

Authors: Saroj Mondal

This study entitled “Users category, Collection & services of Bankura district library: a survey” is the result of the study carried out in this public library. Entire library situation was surveyed with the help of structured questionnaire. Observation and record analysis techniques are also used for gathering some type of data. The result of the study find out what the actual situation of the library is and what is the need of the library. Findings from the data analysis, shows the main problems of the library are adequate technical stuff and resources. Key Word: Library collection, Resources, users, Library services, District library.

1-5

Authors: Swadesh Ranjan Choudhury

Dialectical influence in mother tongue. Dialectical mixture of refugees of West Bengal. Common link of Dialectical mixture in dialect. Local Dialectical mixture on the Refugees. The Dialectical mixture in the spoken language of non-Bengali speaking people. The Group-Analysis of Tribal’s and non-Bengali-speaking people. The dialectical mixture link in their spoken language of the inhabitant of DOAB area of the Ganga and the Padma. The dialectical area in Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha. The Characteristic of word root, verb root, number and Gender. Their linguistic and colloquial specialities. Finally, Findings of dialectical blending in there linguistic groups. Key Words: The area in between the Ganga and the Padma (DOAB Area); The East Bengal refugee in West Bengal in the Eastern side of the Bhagirathi; Dialectical mixture; Dialectical Zone; Bengal Presidency; Concentric Administration; The Centroid Administration; Partition of Bengal in 1905; word root and verb root; New Modern into Aryan Language.

13-18

Authors: Chandan Roy

Artisanal silk industry, being low-capital intensive with low gestation periods and assured returns suits a vast marginal class including landless farmers, low-skilled artisans and rural women with low opportunity cost of getting employed elsewhere. However, despite having high land productivities and generation-borne technical skill, artisanal silk industry is far from its desired position. The reality is that the rural artisanal silk sector is dwindling in West Bengal. The paper tries to focus on few pertinent issues of West Bengal sericulture against the backdrop of its national scenario. Primary survey on Malda district of West Bengal exposes that cost of raw materials including implements; loans taken by the artisans irrespective of its source of collection and mandays creation for this avocation are significantly enhancing annual income flow generated by the sericultural family. In order to improvise this situation an effective institutional effort is required so that poor sericulture farmers can receive sufficient credit benefit to sustain this rural industry. All the extension work whether it is at State Government Co-operative level or Central Silk Board level, needs to be synchronized, intensive, time-bound and target oriented to regain the past glory of Bengal artisanal silk industry. JEL Classification: R20, R30, O15, Key Words: Artisanal Silk, Income, Sericulture, Artisans, West Bengal.

27-33

Authors: Dr. Parminder Kaur and Ms. Amandeep Kaur

Right to Information Act which is considered as a mandate for legal and procedural transparency in India was passed in 2005, but still even today the Act seems to be merely a paper tiger. The intentions with which the Act has been passed are not yet fulfilled because of lack of political will in its implementation and the inherent lacunas existing within the Act. Now the ray of hope lies in the hands of Judiciary. It plays an effective role in its implementation through its various decisions. The present paper tries to evaluate these aspects of Right to Information Act, 2005. Key Words: Transparency, Good Governance, Accountability, Jeopardy.

40-46

Authors: Dr. E. Iniyan

Cultural/heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry and hence there is a trend towards an increased specialization among tourists. The attraction over the adventure, culture, history and archaeological monuments etc. marks the increase of tourist in any region. Especially the interest of tourist from international destination and from India too, in traveling to cultural/ heritage destinations has increased recently and is expected to continue. For example, cultural/heritage sites are among the mostly preferred tourist attraction in Tamilnadu. The study on the Cultural/Heritage tourism leads to the result on the relationship between the cultural/heritage destination and the overall satisfaction of tourists. The difference in relation to tourist demographic characteristics like gender, age, education level, total income, travel behavior of tourists such as past experience, time taken to choose a destination, length of stay, distance of travel also should be considered in this aspect. The main objective of promoting tourism was to enhance economic activities, employment generation and community development. More facilities at spots will bring more revenue, more development and ultimately more rural employment and community development. Tourists will get an opportunity to interact with local people, understand their tradition, culture and lifestyle. They will participate in rural festivals, ride bullock cart, know about apiculture and farming, row boats, travel on coracles and buy their handicrafts. Such activities will ensure survival of art forms. Protection of sustainable use of bio diversity, sharing socio-economic benefits with local communities, minimizing impact of tourism development on ecology should be ensured. Eco-tourism needed area specific policies, strategies and strict enforcement of rules for sustainability.

54-60

Authors: Dr. Gourav Mahajan

Achievement tests measure the current status of individuals with respect to proficiency in given areas of knowledge or skill. Standardized achievement tests are carefully developed to include measurement of objectives common to many school systems. They measure knowledge of facts, concepts and principles. Achievement tests are primarily used in making classroom-level decisions and are designed with particular reference to the course objectives/learning goals of a specific class. The investigator conducted a study to construct and standardize the achievement test in Economics for XI standard by following certain steps. The investigator framed 90 items initially on the selected topics of Economics of class XI on the basis of the blue print prepared for the achievement test in the light of specific objectives. After the items were written the investigator consulted the language and subject experts for checking the items framed with respect to the faulty language or inadvertent defects in wording for and also to verify whether the items measure what was intended to be measured at the level of achievement. For trying out the preliminary draft of the achievement test, the test was given to the sample of 100 students of class XI. The difficulty value (DV) and discriminating power (DP) of the test items were determined by adopting Kelley’s (1939) method. On the basis of the DV and DP the preliminary draft of the achievement test was modified. In total 70 items having difficulty value (DV) ranging from 0.20 to 0.75 and the items ranging from 0.20 to 0.90 on the discriminating power (DP) were retained.

65-68

Authors: M. Sankar and Dr. R. Mohanraj

Worship is unavoidable in teenaged. Worship is the attraction between people that leads to romantic relationships. The study of interpersonal attraction is a major area of research in social psychology. Interpersonal attraction is related to how much we like, dislike, or hate someone. It can be viewed as force acting between two people that tends to draw them together and resist their separation. When measuring interpersonal attraction, one must refer to the qualities of the attracted as well as the qualities of the attractor to achieve predictive accuracy. It has suggested that to determine attraction, personality and situation taken into account. Repulsion is also a factor in the process of interpersonal attraction; one's conception of "attraction" to another can vary from extreme attraction to extreme repulsion. This research aimed at to identify which age group majorly falls in love and causes to love. The research has collected the data from both male and female‘s waiting at park in Salem and Namakkal district in Tamilnadu. To identify the cause to love the researcher has considered the following factors such as Beauty, care taking attitude, character of person, knowledge, Appearance, taste, Physical Attractiveness, culture, position obtained by him/ her, back ground of him/her. Finally, the researcher identified that accessibility build the worship between the people and the people who have aged 16 to 24 highly concerned in worship. Key Words: Interpersonal Attraction, love, Teenaged, beauty, Culture, Accessibility.

76-79

Authors: Rita Mukherjee

In order to fight patriarchy, feminism and feminist theory was born. By general definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. Feminists can be any one in the population, men, women, girl or boys. Feminism can also be described as a movement or a revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. Feminism can not deny female characteristics but which feminist say is that, female should grow up according her own will, or her own freedom, not according to others will or male will. Generally feminist can not deny sex difference of male and female, which they deny is that gender difference of male and female, which is created by society. So we can conclude human’s differs as individuals, not as sexes. Key Words: Feminism, discrimination, socialization, aggressive, emotional.

88-95

Authors: Dr. Artur Borcuch

The purpose of this article is to analyze the conditions of entrepreneurship development in relation to: labour market, cultural offerings and the civil society development in the city of Kielce (in the opinion of management students from the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce). Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Economic development.

100-103

Authors: Sudipta Biswas

Decentralized planning is widely regarded as a powerful tool to address challenges such as poor service delivery, social exclusion and disparities across varied geographical areas and communities. The very participation of people in the decentralized planning process is a matter of concern for governments, policy makers, academics and thinkers in developing countries like India. Different national and international agencies, government departments and institutions experimented different models in different geographies. West Bengal, one of the pioneering states in this arena adopted a model called ‘Gram Panchayat Facilitating Team’ (GPFT) during 2006-2009. It worked as a link between Gram Panchayat and common villagers. It helped ensure participation of all stakeholders at Gram Panchayat level, the lower tier of local government system irrespective of political colour, economic class, caste and gender. This paper is an attempt to reflect on the model, strategies adopted and analysis of the efficacy of this model to ensure participation of people in local governance. Key Words: Gram Panchayat, GPFT, Gram Panchayat Facilitating Team, Gram Unnayan Samiti, Decentralized planning, Participatory planning.

109-116

Authors: Prateeksha Barman and Archana Bhattacharjya

More and half of the population of India live in rural areas and large number of population live in below poverty line. The problem of rural poverty is increasing rapidly in India. The only way to reduce the poverty is to provide economic support to the rural people, mainly the rural women through the self-help group. Providing economic support or loans help them to strengthen their positions and also empowered them both economically and socially. In this study we examine the relationship between self-help groups and rural and socio economic development in rural community of Chaygaon block at Kamrup district. Both primary and secondary data are collected for study purpose. Primary data has been collected from Chaygaon block in Kamrup District. Key words: Population, Poverty, Self Help Group, Rural Women.

123-135

Authors: Eze, Virginia O.

This study is a survey aimed at ascertaining the attitude of the University of Nigerian students towards the Use of English. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Five hundred and five undergraduate students newly enrolled in the subjects that cut across various departments were sampled using accidental sampling technique. A researcher-developed-24 item attitude scale known as Attitude to Use of English Scale (ATUES) was used in collecting data from the subjects. Data obtained was analyzed using means for the research questions and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the hypotheses. Results show that the majority of the University of Nigerian students have positive attitude towards the subject, gender of the students does not influence their attitude towards the Use of English unlike their areas of specialization in the degree programme. Such recommendations as engaging the students in evaluation of the course at the end of the semester after teaching the course is one of the several strategies advanced for taking a pro-active preventive measure against development of apathy towards the subject. Therefore, there is need for re-orientation and motivation because English Language is universal and compulsory in Nigerian education. There is also need for re-orientation and motivation on the students because English language is universal and compulsory in Nigerian society. Key Words: Gender; specialization; undergraduate; Attitude; multi-lingual; multi-cultural, Lingua Franca; university

142-144

Authors: Romeo Rwtin Lokobok

The Rabhas are one of the major tribal communities of the North Eastern region of India. As a tribal community, it has magnificent traditional beliefs, social practices and cultural ceremonies which have been observed and practiced since time immemorial. These beliefs and practices have been handed down traditionally from one generation to the other. The present paper is an attempt to mirror the socio-religious practice of “Song Bai Tangi”of the Koch Rabhas practiced in the villages as a community festival and ritual. Keywords: Song Bai Tangi, Koch Rabhas, culture, language.

1-5

Authors: Rajesh Sameer Kachhap and Rajiv Lochan Namta

The Secondary level Teacher Training Programme in the state Jharkhand is in worst condition. If proper care is not taken by the External Administration level for Teacher Education programme, the whole future generation will collapse, because all the pupil at the beginning needs a good teacher to guide him. To produce good teacher needs good teacher trainer and good infrastructure. The secondary level teacher training programme in Jharkhand is going on in three types of institutions, namely government teacher training college, self-finance constituent college and privately managed college. But there is no proper attention towards the system from very beginning. Neither the SCERT has been formed nor has the appointment of teachers on regular basis been done for the government colleges. It is worst in the case of self-finance mode colleges. The teachers are appointed for eleven months by the respective universities. The service of the teachers may or may not be automatically renewed, depends on the decision by the university authority. In the self-finance colleges, the teachers of future teachers are facing a lot of problems and accordingly mentally so unbalanced that they are searching a stable job even with low salary. Here the author is trying to focus on problem faced by the teachers, job security of the teachers and job satisfaction of the teachers. Key Words: Generation, Job satisfaction, Job security, Secondary level, Self finance.

13-18

Authors: Rebecca Waweru

Community participation in development hardly takes place in a vacuum. There are motivating, militating as well as catalytic factors which propel the community to take part in community development. As much as development initiatives meet the needs of beneficiary communities, occasionally, there are other intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivate communities to participate in development processes and discourses. These factors range from financial to non-financial, material to non-material, and short to long term factors. The study sought, among other objectives, to establish factors that promote beneficiary community participation in development in the community driven development approach. The study found out that key factors which make beneficiary communities to participate in development in the community driven approach are benefits (financial and material), development interest, development need, previous development experience, wanting to belong, to serve the community and project meets needs respectively. The implication of these findings to policy makers, practitioners and stakeholders is to design strategies that can divorce short term benefits and expectations as propellants for participation by beneficiary communities in development and instead, inculcate ownership and responsibility as core motivating factors. Key Words: Approach, Beneficiary, Factors, Community, Development, Driven.

26-31

Authors: Dr. Monika Arora (Seth)

Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or social relations. A Social change may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means. Social change in India may be considered as a process through which definite alterations in the structures and functions of a particular social system result. A particular social change may be good or bad, desirable or undesirable, sacred or profane, progressive or regressive depending upon the views and understanding of the observer. It is to be understood that when a particular social change occurs it will be evaluated in the light of the ideals, goals and theories of the observer. Development of society depends upon how it responds to the process of social change. One which adopts itself faster to social change registers rapid progress. It is to be noted that different segments of society do not adopts them to the social change at the same pace. It is believed that education plays a vital role in accelerating the process of social change. The present study will make an attempt to find out how the students of professional and non-professional courses differ in their adoptability to social change. Key Words: - Social change, adaptability, social institutions, students, professional and non-professional courses.

37-43

Authors: Dr. Manoj Kumar Sadual

Double Jeopardy is a legal term which simply means that a person cannot be punished for the same offence more than once. The double jeopardy rule, known in law as autrefois acquit, developed over centuries as a protection against oppressive prosecution. The principle of Double Jeopardy plays an important role for the protection of integrity of the criminal justice system including precious fundamental rights of the accused persons. The paper makes an attempt to analyse the concept of double jeopardy under Indian law with special reference to the Constitution of India and examines how it protects the fundamental rights of the persons accused of crime. It also makes an in-depth analysis of judicial pronouncements on the limits and boundaries of doctrine of double jeopardy. Key Words: Double Jeopardy, autrefois convict, Fundamental Rights, Criminal Justice System, Constitution of India.

44-48

Authors: Dr. R. D. Padmavathy

In the technology world, importance of mathematics cannot be ignored. In India, if a student shows low achievement in mathematics it is not taken as serious problems by Parents and teachers. There was less awareness on mathematics disability and research done in this area is very less when compared to dyslexia. The purpose of this paper is to identify the mathematics disabled students, highlight the symptoms of mathematics disability, to find the factors contribute to math disability, the need to adopt different teaching strategies for children with mathematical disability, and ways to overcome the mathematics disability by understanding the problem and the overwhelming strategies to remove the impediment which cause math disability. Key Words: Mathematics Disability, Working Memory, Cognitive Factors.

54-63

Authors: Ningombam Reagan Singh and Dr. Arabinda Debnath

Through this paper an attempt is being taken to discuss as how Hospital Management plays various roles for human resource development. With a view to systematizing the study, the entire paper is divided into three parts. The first part entitled, “Theoretical Approach” encloses an introduction, meaning of health care sector and human resource development, objectives, hypothesis and methodology of the study. The second part entitled, Hospital Management as a tool for human resource development,” is a comprehensive study where it is discussed as how the hospital management can contribute a lot to the human resource development. The third part entitled, “Conclusion” includes some findings and recommendations in addition to a conclusion.

76-80

Authors: Nagendra S Gangola

Seamus Heaney is widely recognized as one of the major poets of the 20th century. A native of Northern Ireland, Heaney was raised in County Derry, and later lived for many years in Dublin. He was the author of over 20 volumes of poetry and criticism, and edited several widely used anthologies. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995 “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.” Corporeal images as cultural and historical critiques are often related to landscapes in Heaney's poetry. Land is imagined as a place where histories of atrocity and sacrifice are inscribed and preserved. In ‘At a Potato Digging’ for instance, the text shifts between a modern agrarian landscape and images from the famine of the 1840s.However, it can also be argued that although Heaney’s work is full of images of death and dying, it is at the same time deeply rooted in life, endlessly metaphorical, it holds out an offer of endlessness, of cyclical history, of eternity. Heaney’s poems are ultimately peace poems, intensifying the sense of beauty in contrast to the horror of violence and the pathos of needless death. This paper is an attempt to bring out the elements which give a sense of macabre at very first appearance but unfolds plethora of aesthetic beauty embedded in the poems of Seamus Heaney. Key Words: Corporeal images, Aesthetic of Violence, Beauty, Landscapes, Metaphors.