Sport Mont

9-14

Authors: Ozlem Kilic, Ahmet Alptekin, Fatma Unver, Eylem Celik, Semih Akkaya

The aim of this study was to examine the differences of landing phase biomechanics between the players who had anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and healthy participants during single leg drop vertical jump. In this study, 11 soccer players who had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (aged 23.0±3.6 years, height 177±5.0 cm, weight 83.8±11.7 kg) and 9 healthy soccer players( aged 22.2±2.4 years, height 178±3.0 cm, weight 74.3±6.1 kg) participated voluntarily. During the data collection phase three high speed cameras synchronized to each other and force plate were used. Visual analysis programme and MATLAB were used to calculate kinetic and kinematic variables. Landing techniques of the subjects’ were examined by flexion angle of knee, ground reaction force and moment parameters. The statistical analyses of the measured results were performed by t-test and Pearson Correlation analysis. According to the results, it was determined that peak vertical ground reaction force exhibited significant phase differences (p=0.00, and p=0.00, respectively) between the groups. Obtained results can be explained with “quadriceps avoidance” motion pattern which is characterized by decreased quadriceps activity and lower external knee flexion moment in an effort to control anterior translation of the tibia in subjects with ACL reconstruction. A better understanding of the different phases during single-leg landings can shed a light on mechanism of non-contact anterior crucaite ligament injuries therefore future researches should assess how phase differences affect drop vertical jump performance.

21-26

Authors: Marek Kokinda, Martin Jesensky, Robert Kandrac, Daniel Kicura, Milan Turek, Erika Chovanova

The purpose of the study was to assess core stability and to determine age-related differences in the unilaterality of limb movements in hockey players. The sample included 152 hockey players aged 12 to 35 years. Every player performed the upper quarter and the lower quarter Y-balance tests. Performances of players showed high degree of individuality, which was expressed as the composite score. The difference greater than 4 cm in movements performed by a left or right limb indicates imbalance and higher risk of injury. Of 152 players, 27 and 26 players showed a difference higher than 4 cm for the lower quarter and the upper quarter, respectively. Of all age categories, 61% of senior players showed muscle imbalance. This may have been caused by factors present at school age because 52% of U13 players showed imbalance. We conducted statistical analysis to determine differences for each of the directions in relation to limb length. The cross-sectional data have shown non significant differences between age categories studied. For the development of ice hockey players, it is important to eliminate movement imbalance. The results have shown that the category at risk includes the U13 players, who may suffer from movement imbalance in the senior category.

33-38

Authors: Petra Pacesova, Pavel Smela, Stanislav Kracek, Jana Plevkova

The aim of the paper is to identify the level of women’s wellbeing regarding their sport activity, whereby we assume that athletes will have a higher level of wellbeing. The second aim is to determine the relationship between the individual dimensions of wellbeing and the level of state anxiety and trait anxiety. The research group consists of 107 women (20.03±1.47 years), divided into groups based on their sport activity (active 62, inactive 45). We used the standardized BDP questionnaire to determine the level of wellbeing. We used the standardized STAI questionnaire to determine the level of anxiety. We recorded a higher value of personal well-being in the sample of women actively participating in sport activities. In both the samples, we found an indirect relation between positive dimensions of personal well-being and state anxiety (in the case of the sample of women not participating in any sport activity even with trait anxiety). A direct relation between the negative dimensions of wellbeing and the level of state as well as trait anxiety was recorded only in the sample of women not participating in any sport activity. Our results correspond with other findings which suggest that regular sport activity increases the level of women´s personal well-being. In the same time, our results partially correlate with research according to which state anxiety and trait anxiety tends to influence subjective personal well-being negatively. Our findings indicate that sport activity can be a suitable instrument to increase women´s personal well-being.

45-49

Authors: Sami Sermaxhaj, Fitim Arifi, Alaj Iber, Abedin Bahtiri, Jeton Havolli, Suela Sermaxhaj

The repercussion is an essential of the football training, also called “Cool Down”. Static stretching and slow running are typical activities of this section, but in the last few years static stretching has had a great influence on performance functionality and is one of the most debated topics in sports sciences and medicine. The aspiration of this research is to show the impact of recovery associated with static stretching and the agility performance of young football players. This research was conducted between August and November with a sample of 20 players age 12.1±0.3 years (range 11-13 years) separated into two groups- control and experimental. First measurements that have been initiated are body weight 40.6±6.5 kg, height 152.6±6.9 cm and agility performance (Ajax test 5x10 m and zig-zag test with and without ball). Agility was measured with electronic photocells’, with a measurement of .01 sec. Experimental testing proposed that both groups have completed the regular training program, while the experimental group (despite the control group) during the recuperation (cool down) except running, they conveyed out the experimental treatment / static stretching exercises. Each exercise lasts at least 20 seconds. After completing the experimental program members in both groups underwent final measurements. The results that were reached by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) at initial and final measurements, have shown insignificant statistical values between the control and experimental group in the agility performance.

55-60

Authors: Pavel Smela, Petra Pacesova, Stanislav Kracek, Klaudia Kukurova, Nina Halacova

This paper strives to contribute to performance motivation research and to point out differences in achievement motivation among college students in terms of sports activities. The research sample was comprised of 248 college students (men: n=141, 22.40±1.62 years of age; women: n=107, 21.78±1.49 years of age) from Bratislava. The respondents were divided into 3 groups according to frequency of sports activities: college students who didn’t engage in any sports activities (non-active respondents), college students who engaged in sports activities 1 to 2 times a week (moderately active respondents), and those who engaged in sports activities 3 or more times a week (highly active respondents). A standardized DMV questionnaire consisting of 52 items was used as the research tool. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of data and the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test the significance of the differences between independent choices. The coefficient η2, expressed the effect of the independent variable (sport activity) on the dependent variable (achievement motivation). The degree of dependence between the two of the groups of features was expressed by means of the coefficient r. The results revealed significant (p≤0.001) differences in all three performance motivation dimensions. The performance motivation of the highly active respondentswas significantly (p=0.000) higher compared to that of the moderately active respondents. Also, when compared with the non-active respondents, the level of performance motivation was significantly (p=0.000) higher among the highly active respondents. Performance motivation and performance-supporting anxiety increases with the frequency of sports activities; on the contrary, performance-hindering anxiety decreases with the frequency of sports activities. Hence, our results testify to the fact that sport activity is one of the determinants for increased performance motivation.

69-72

Authors: Shkurta Rrecaj-Malaj, Adem Hykolli, Shendrit Lumi, Ardiana Murtezani

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) accounts for 80% of all types of diagnosed scoliosis, occurring in 2%-3% of growing age population. This disorder is quite complicated and physical therapy is important factor in the treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy in quality of life in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This research was conducted in 56 consecutive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients (32 females and 24 males), aged 10-17 years, Cobb angle 10º-45º, at Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK), Prishtina, Kosovo, during the period 2016-2017. The physical therapy protocol, including combined Schroth and Pilates exercise were performed during 3 months. The evaluation of Quality of Life (QoL) is done by SRS-22r questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the treatment. Results displayed that supervised combined Schroth and Pilates exercises have provided benefit to the standard of care by improving QoL before and after physical therapy in all components: the mean for function has improved from 3.15 to 3.45, pain from 3.23 to 5.54, self-image from 3.36 to 5.46, mental health from 3.01 to 3.35, and in overall QoL was improved from 3.30 to 3.68. Quality of life was significantly better after physical therapy (p<0.05). The study shows that physical therapy in scoliosis patients achieves good results in daily living life.

77-81

Authors: Marin Corluka, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic, Marija Bubanja, Georgi Georgiev, Ivan Zeljko

The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the top football players of the two clubs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, HSC Zrinjski Mostar and FC Siroki Brijeg in the morphological characteristics and body composition. A sample of 50 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 28 players of HSC Zrinjski Mostar of the average age 24.36±4.14, the champions of the Bosnia and Herzegovina in the season 2016/17, while the other sub-sample consisted of 22 players of FC Siroki Brijeg of the average age of 24.00±6.22, the champions of the Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the season 2016/17. Football players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season 2016/17. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, body mass index, fat percentage, muscle mass, bone mass, waist size, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, back skinfold and abdominal skinfold. The standard central and dispersion parameters of all variables were calculated. The significance of the differences between the players of the top two football clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that the football players of the two mentioned clubs have statistically significant differences by the three variables that estimate the bone mass, waist circumference and triceps skinfold, in favor of FC Siroki Brijeg.

87-91

Authors: Suncica Rogic, Milena Radonjic, Vladimir Djurisic

Sport financing is of great national importance, having in mind that it’s recognized as an activity of public interest by the Law. Since most of sport organizations in Montenegro are publicly owned, they are dependent on public financing, which are often scarce and insufficient for fulfilling sport’s function in society. Therefore, new sources of financing must be introduced. One of the most common funding systems in Europe includes resources redirected from gambling industry profits – taxed by the government. Even though the idea isn’t exactly new, it’s implemented differently in various countries. This paper analyzes current Montenegrin system of sport financing from this source, compares it to other European countries and provides recommendations for its’ improvement. Taking into account that most gambling revenues come from sport betting, it would be beneficial for the society that most of these incomes find their way back to sport. The research results for Montenegro show considerable lagging behind other European countries in terms of sport funding from taxed gambling profits. With the share of only 14% of funds allocated to sport from this source there is a plenty of room for Montenegro to improve its sport financing system, which would lead to faster sport development. This share is considerably low, compared to neighboring EU countries such as Croatia’s 35% and Slovenia’s 80%. With certain improvements and taking into account other countries good practice examples, Montenegrin sport financing system can be considerably improved.

97-100

Authors: Miomir Maros

In this paper we investigate to which measure sport is developed among young people in Montenegro and what should be done to improve and spread physical culture among young people and beyond school systems in order to influence their proper development and to create opportunities for choosing potential talents for certain sports disciplines, who would later grow into top athletes and members of national teams. In addition to the theoretical framework set out from referent literature on sports, we will analyze the indicators - the existing regulation and strategy, and analyze the structured interviews conducted among sports professionals, based on which we will form the theory and sublimate the conclusions of work, as recommendations for improving sports among young people. Disadvantages are inadequate realization of teaching in schools, lack of adequate infrastructure in schools, lack of athletic stadium in the capital of Montenegro and lack of sports schools beyond classes. Advantages are great sports potential in youth, youth interest in sport and generations of educated professors in physical culture. The recommendations are related to addressing the shortcomings that exist and the adoption of laws that will stimulate the development of sports among young people.

107-111

Authors: Vladimir Hrcek, Ivan Bagľas

Motivation obviously plays a great role in the life of each athlete. The purpose of this paper is to bring out the importance of motivation in sport from the perspective of Self-determination theory (SDT). This theoretical review paper demonstrates the application of Self-determination theory (SDT) in amateur sports environment and professional athletes. Self-determination theory (SDT) postulates assumption that there is one motivational continuum rather than individual types of motivation and that each athlete has the same basic psychological needs that need to be satisfied. Our review is based not only on Self-determination theory (SDT) theory, but also on several studies from different countries and environments. The review is focused on recommendations regarding implementation of specific strategies that could help athletes to improve their internal motivation in order to reach better performance and results.

9-13

Authors: Bojan Masanovic, Jovan Gardasevic, Fitim Arifi

The purpose of this research is to examine standing height in both Kosovan genders in the Eastern Region as well as its association with foot length, as an alternative to estimating standing height. A total of 364 individuals (185 male and 179 female) participated in this research. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of ISAK. The relationships between body height and foot length were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a ninety-five percent confidence interval. A comparison of means of standing height and foot length between genders was performed using a t-test. After that a linear regression analysis were carried out to examine extent to which foot length can reliably predict standing height. Results displayed that Eastern Kosovan male are 178.79±6.07 cm tall and have a foot length of 26.03±1.21 cm, while Eastern Kosovan female are 164.60±4.72 cm tall and have a foot length of 23.38±0.94 cm. The results have shown that both genders made Eastern-Kosovans a tall group, but a little bit shorter than general Kosovan population. Moreover, the foot length reliably predicts standing height in both genders; but, not reliably enough as arm span. This study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Kosovo as the results from Eastern-Kosovans don’t correspond to the general values.

21-24

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica, Marin Corluka

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the endurance with U16 football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 football players U16. To estimate the endurance three tests have been used: Cooper test, Running 15 m long distance for 90 s, and Pin running persistence. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the endurance. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of endurance influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with football players U16. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the endurance level with football players U16. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

29-32

Authors: Izedin Mehmeti, Besim Halilaj

The primary aim of the present study was to explore motivational profiles for physical activity (PA) in current students of secondary schools. The participants of the study were (N=526; males=267 and females=259), 8th grade, and 9th grade students from the four secondary schools in the central and northern part of Kosovo. Data were collected through focus group discussions for students, during the month of May and June 2014/2015 school year, in order to gather qualitative data regarding students’ perceptions of motivation and participation in Physical Education (PE) and extracurricular PA activities. Based on study findings Kosovo schools are not creating supportive and attractive school environment for children and adolescents in doing (PA) and sports in daily basis. Many schools (PE Teachers) make a mistake requiring every child to became an athlete, by suppressing child motivation and enjoyment for sport and creative physical activities. PE and sports module school based should offer the opportunities for different physical activities that people can do for a life time. PE and sports curricula should be focused on giving the opportunity to every child to excel their own skill level, and integrate teaching strategies for “maximum movement for maximum kids”.

37-39

Authors: Jeton Havolli, Abedin Bahtiri, Bujar Begu, Arta Ibrani, Sabri Makolli

Handball is a sport, which requires high physical preparation as well as technical and tactical skills. Being tough sport scrolled with multiple players, it has huge power requirements, as well as a certain level of intelligence for solving of complex situations in the game. The aim of this research was monitoring of some strength parameters. The sample of subjects consists of 14 handball players, members of Handball Club Pristina. Subjects were female, aged 20±2 years old. The measurements were made during the training sessions, in the sports gym where they train, during the 2008/09 season, initial measurement was made in the first micro cycle of preparatory period, while the final measurement was done after the end of the championship.Paired T-test were calculated for in initial and final measurement. The majority of variables have no statistically significant differences, and this should have come as a result of inadequate dosage of training loads and lack of proper training program.

45-47

Authors: Iber Alaj, Fitim Arifi, Zenel Metaj

Sport in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo is defined as a special category of social interest and is funded from the budget of the Republic of Kosovo. Subject of this study will be 35 Sports Federations, 867 sports clubs, 67,583 male athletes and 13,458 females. Based on the data of Kosovo Statistical Agency, current condition for sports organizations, clubs, associations, Sports federations as well as sport activities and we will present through the tables underway that will give us a real data for the current condition of the total number of Sports federations, participants in sport activities. For this reason, it is imperative to start with planning and systematic investments in establishing legal infrastructure and structure of sport organizations would be one of the main priorities of the development sports in Kosovo, as another purpose of this paper will be the autonomy of sports and its political neutrality according to international standards, constitutes another priority of the structural organization of organizations or Sports Federations in Kosovo.

9-14

Authors: Zeljko Kovacevic, Frane Zuvela, Goran Kuvacic

The main aim of this study was to validate the measuring instruments for assessing sprinting speed and specific agility in youth soccer players. The study was conducted on a sample of 32 soccer players in younger age categories. The sample of variables included three tests assessing sprinting speed (5-meter sprint from a standing start, 20-meter sprint from a standing start, and flying 15-meter sprint), and three tests assessing specific agility (slalom run with a ball, zig-zag run with a ball, and 20-meter sprint with a ball). Metric characteristics of tests were determined by calculating indicators of reliability, homogeneity, sensitivity, and factor and pragmatic validity. The values of indicators of metric characteristic showed that the applied motor tests had high level of reliability, good homogeneity, normal distribution of data, and acceptable values of factor and pragmatic validity. As a recommendation for future scientific and/or expert activities which would include assessment of speed and specific agility in young soccer players, investigations should definitely include 20-meter sprint from a standing start and slalom run with a ball.

19-24

Authors: Bojan Masanovic

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of junior basketball and volleyball players from Serbian national league and to make comparison between them. Fifty-nine males were enrolled in the study divided into three groups: thirteen basketball players, fourteen volleyball players and thirty-two healthy sedentary subjects. All subjects were assessed for the anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition variables, using standardized procedure recommended by established literature. Data was analyzed using SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as mean (SD) for each variable, while ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect the effects of each type of sport. The results showed there was no significant difference in body mass index and bone content of body among the groups, while a significant difference was found for body height, body weight, muscle and fat contents of body among the groups. Basketball and volleyball players were significantly taller and heavier than the subjects of the control group, while there was not any significant difference between the body height and body weight of basketball and volleyball players. Muscle content of basketball players was significantly higher than control subjects, while a significant difference was not noticed between volleyball players and subjects of control group. Fat content in the body of basketball and volleyball players are significantly lower than the percent of fat content in the body of control group, while there was not found any other difference in this content. These findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during the recruitment.

31-36

Authors: Stevo Popovic

The purpose of this study is to analyses the personal scientific production of Montenegrin sports sciences researchers, as well as trend of publication within Montenegrin sports sciences journals. This investigation subject included the studies published in the period from 2002 to 2017 that have been focused on the sports sciences issues. The electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched for research articles available until 6 September 2018. Then research findings were summarized in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the number of citation, h-index, i10-index as well as number of documents by authors were presented respectively. Results of this study indicated that the sports sciences researchers rapidly increased the number of publications from 2002 to 2017 and switch the writing language from Montenegrin to English, especially in last five years. The number of citations span from 100 and 2800 within most of researchers, while h-index and i10-index span from 4 to 30 in most cases in Google Scholar database, while the same researchers were cited quite lesser in Scopus and Web of Science databases. On the other hand, in Google Scholar database, there are three registered Montenegrin journals: Sport Mont journal (over 1000 articles published since 2002) is the most cited one with highest h-index (16), Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (over 80 articles) is the best ranked Montenegrin journal, while Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education (over 40 articles) was established in 2017 and the relevant analyses could not be possible to be completed, while the analyses in Scopus and Web of Science were conducted for the Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and it was reached quite lower score too. It was indicated the highest impact was recognized in the last years, regarding to citations of available articles published by Montenegrin authors, as well as writing style of articles published in English. Hence, the further deployment is expected in upcoming period.

43-49

Authors: Kyongmin Lee, Yongseek Kim, Woojeong Cho

In the field of organizational behavior theory, the influence of servant leadership and organizational culture on the job satisfaction of organization members has been actively studied to effectively achieve the goals set by the organization. However, there is a severe lack of studies on the relationship between servant leadership, organizational culture, and job satisfaction in the sport industry. Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the causal relationships among the three variables by surveying 320 employees in fitness clubs located in Pusan, Korea. Surveys were conducted using the convenience sampling method, and a total of 300 surveys were used in the analysis. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 19.0. Key results from this study were as follows. First, servant leadership in fitness clubs had a positive influence on organizational culture. Second, servant leadership in fitness clubs had a positive influence on the job satisfaction of their employees. Third, the organizational culture of fitness clubs had a positive influence on the job satisfaction of employees. The results of this study can contribute to establishing strategies to advance the organizational performance and effective human resource management of fitness clubs.

57-62

Authors: Bulent Okan Micoogullari, Ridvan Ekmekci

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of Problem solving inventory (PSI) with Turkish athletes. The PSI was designed to clarify utility of problem-solving constructs across sports environment and thus facilitate the development of more comprehensive acknowledges about problem solving and mental health. The subjects were 204 males and 109 females totaling 313 athletes. Participants voluntarily completed the 32 item problem solving inventory. Afterwards, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were undertaken. EFA results yielded a satisfactory three-factor solution, the same as the English version. Cronbach alpha (α) reliability indices for the respective subscales were as follows: problem solving confidence (PSC) (.69), approach and avoidance (AA) (.73), and personal control (PC) (.68). The PSI explained 66% of the total variances. Moreover, CFA results provided the fit indices as Chi-Square (X²)=912.8, df=461, X²/df=1.98, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA)=.07, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.93, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=.92, Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.90, Non Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.89 with 32 items and 3 sub-dimensions. The fit indices of the PSI in relation to EFA and CFA were at an acceptable level. The original 3-factor solution was supported by the Turkish athlete subjects. Results of the study introduced that the Turkish version of the Problem Solving Inventory is a valid and reliable measurement for Turkish athletes.

69-74

Authors: Bujar Begu, Artan R. Kryeziu, Jeton Havolli

The purpose of this research is Latent Structure of the morphological characteristics and motor basic abilities and situational to basketball players 14-15 years. The sample was of 84 basketball players aged 14-15 who have followed the training process of basketball game. The variable samples are 23, 11 of them in morphological space, 8 tests in the area of basic motor character and 4 of them in situational motor of basketball game. In this research our experiment is extracted in two main components which explain 79.16% the general variance of the morphological system, from which are extracted two morphological elements, with this we confirmed the previous scientific knowledge that was enabled to use during the research more precisely in extracting the latent structure in the morphological area. While in the motor area are extracted three main components that explain together 63.60% the variance of the basic and situational motor system of which three factors are extracted.

81-84

Authors: Boris Janjic, Miroslav Smajic, Bogdan Tomic, Milorad Jaksic

The research is conducted with the aim of setting out the differences in repetitive strength of legs, torso, hands and shoulder girdle and strength of kicking a ball between soccer players U14 and children who are not involved in soccer. The sample consists of two groups of respondents. The first subsample group was comprised of 20 respondents of chronological age between 12.50±0.43 who were actively involved in training process at soccer team Stars, and the other subsample included 20 respodents of chronological age between 12.50±0.62 involved in system of Physical Education but who were not involved in training process of other sport branches. Canonical Discriminant Analysis within set of four motoric variables is used to determine the basic difference between groups and the contribution of each variable taken individually in overall discrimination groups. The sample of respondents who train soccer achieved better results in all applied tests. All tests showed statistical significance in discrimination of groups other than the test for assessing the strength of kicking a ball which is at the very margin of significance.

91-96

Authors: Bojan Masanovic

This investigation was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of the consumers from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina toward advertising through sport in relation with the frequency of watching sports events. The sample included 451 students from Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,Faculty of sport and tourismin Novi Sad and Chemical, Biotechnology and Medicine Department in Subotica, and it was divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not watch sports events at all, consumers who do watch sports events 1-30 minutes, consumers who watch sports events 31-60 minutes, those who watch them 61-90 minutes, those who watch them 91-120 minutes, as well as those who watch sports events more than 120 minutes during one typical day. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA), univariate analysis (ANOVA), and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses, it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.00. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found that significant differences showed up between the attitudes of consumers toward advertising through sport among the frequency of watching sports events. The significant differences were found in two out of three variables, while the consumers who do not watch sports events had much more negative attitudes toward advertising through sport.

103-106

Authors: Gaetano Altavilla, Francesca D’Elia, Gaetano Raiola

Today is consolidated the importance of physical activity to health, so it is important to know the effects of exercise for primary prevention and secondary. A regular physical activity of mild intensity results in significant benefits in term of health, while a sedentary lifestyle and otherrisk factors contributeto development of chronic degenerative diseases, in particular cardiovascular. The advanced age does not contraindicate physical activity and exercise can prevent cardiovascular and disability diseases in the elderly. In the elderly person physical exerciseis able toimprove muscular tone and movement skills, of reduce the risk of sudden death caused by cardiovascular diseases, of reduce the development of tumors and metabolic disorders, as well as of delay the decline of cognitive function. The aim of this literature review is to clarify the link and the effects between physical activity, aging and cardiovascular diseases, providing practical indications for a useful physical activity for elderly subjects with cardiovascular problems;adapting to the skills of the elderly person, prescribed after careful assessment of the environmental conditions in which it must take place. In conclusion, a physical activity program finds a sure indication both in elderly subjects without and with pathologies and in the elderly with high risk of disability.

113-118

Authors: Filomena Mazzeo

Anabolic steroids,commonly referred to as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), are a family of hormones that comprises testosterone. Exposure to these substances can result in damage to human health, such as liver cancer, and to the environment. This class of doping substances cause an extensive increase in the muscular massandis being used to improve athletic performance. Athletes are still using them to increase physical performance and bodybuilders are using them to improve size and cosmetic appearance. For performance enhancing use, these substances generally used without interruption and during several weeks preceding a competition. The preferred method is “piling up” oral ingestion and injections.This type of treatment has been used in sport medicine to manage a variety of joint, tendon and soft tissue injuries.The long-term side effects of anabolic steroids are severe and will depend on dosage and duration. In particular, early death from cardiovascular disease, sterility in men and, in women, masculinization and possible irreversible effects constitute the most serious dangers. More recently, studies have suggested that psychological and behavioral changes and addiction may result from chronic anabolic steroid abuse. AAS were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are on the International Olympic Committee’s list of banned substances. This paper identify a) AAS increasing represent only one of many different classes of agents it is important to used by recreational bodybuilders and by athletes in the 21st century b) their side effects c) their effects on sports performance c) phenomenon of polypharmacy.