Sport Mont

9-16

Authors: Mladen Stankovic, Dusan Peric, Guillermo Ruíz-Llamas and Miriam E. Quiroga-Escudero

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the two new rules tested at the inaugural U23 Men’s Volleyball World Championship (21-point set excluding the fifth set, and 15 seconds between rallies–10 seconds from the finished point until the referee’s whistle for serve and five seconds for performing the serve) on number and types of jumps and number of contacts and hits. The analysis comprised 25,930 jumps (an essential physical activity for volleyball), 15,706 contacts and 10,224 hits during 36 matches played by 144 males aged under 23 at the first Under 23 Men’s World Championships organized in Uberlandia, Brazil, in 2013. Two investigations were conducted: 1) Analysis of jumps by Jump type, In-game role and Level of set win; 2) Analysis of contacts (reception, setting, block, defense) and hits (serve and attack) by Type, In-game role and Set outcome. Significant differences (p=0.000) were found between in-game role and jump type, as Middle blocker performed the most (34.7%), followed by Outside hitter (24.9%), Setter (24.6%) and Opposite (15.8%). Significant differences were found for number and types of Hits between set Winner and Loser teams only for serves by Setter (p<0.001) and Middle blocker (p<0.05). The results showed major differences in jumps, hits and contacts between in-game roles: Middle blocker was the most frequent jumping position, followed by Outside hitter and Setter. The Libero showed a new tendency of being Setter with a jump after the initial Setter defense.

25-28

Authors: Josipa Radas, Vinka Sesar and Gordana Furjan-Mandic

The aim of this study was to establish if there are differences in strength between female subjects who practice Pilates and aerobics. Research was conducted on a sample of two groups, each consisting of 28 subjects, with tests being push-ups, "hundred" and wall squat hold. Differences between groups have been established by T-test for independent samples. Research has shown certain differences between aerobics and Pilates programs. Subjects who practice aerobics scored better results in all tests than subjects who practice Pilates. It can be concluded that aerobics program is much better for development of these types of strength. However, because this is not a representative sample that cannot be claimed.

35-38

Authors: Jana Nová

In 2015 and 2016, the author conducted an audit of the Czech national elite sports policy using the international research methodology called SPLISS (Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success). Based on the audit results in Pillar 9 this paper analyses the situation regarding the existence of structural factors for the dissemination of research applicable in elite sport and the extent to which these research outputs serve as scientific input to elite sport in the Czech Republic. The results from this qualitative and quantitative study focus on the utilization of knowledge from sport science in a country context, providing the base for a comparison with other countries and proposing the way towards effective and efficient cooperation between academia and sport practice in this regard.

43-46

Authors: Violeta Siljak and Dejan Djurovic

The Olympic Movement is a term that covers all areas related to the phenomenon of Olympism. From its creation, the Olympic Movement has had to follow and to respond to numerous challenges and changes of the 20th and 21st century. The successful work of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on the implementation of their projects related to world peace, the education of youth, equal inclusion of women in every aspect of the Movement, the establishment of the Women’s Commission, the Sport for All Commission, and the Sports and the Environment Commission are facts indicating that the IOC has a significant impact on the values of the Olympic Movement. In addition to equal participation of all athletes, today, the Olympic Movement provides Olympic solidarity, education and other programs. The basic method that was used in this study was the historical method, which includes heuristic, empirical and theoretical study of the origin and development of the IOC and its operation as part of the Olympic Movement. Research results indicate that the management of the IOCas a sporting organization that manages this Movement is directed at achieving the goal to contribute to building a more peaceful and better world by educating young people through sports, and in accordance with the Olympic values. With proper management, the IOChas improved sports and has grown into an organization that is at the head of the Olympic Movement.

51-53

Authors: Mohammed Hamdan Hashem Mohammed and Hong Jun Choi

Judo is a worldwide sport played as a main competition in the Olympic Games and World Judo Championship with different age categories present for each competition. The level of physical fitness, tactical skills, and techniques required in judo is high as it is a high-intensity short exercise done in a periodic manner. There are very few studies that find the effects of judo exercises on judo non-athletes. The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of an 8-week judo course on the muscular endurance, trunk flexibility, and explosive strength of male university students. Twenty students had complete data after the course. Pre and post measurements were obtained for standing long jump, sit-ups, and sit and reach to assess explosive strength, abdominal muscle endurance, and flexibility, respectively. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Pre and post data which were normal were compared with paired t-test, while non-normal data were compared with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, while Cohen d>0.2 was considered of practical significance. There were significant improvements from pre to post in all measured parameters (p<0.05, Cohen d>0.2). The increase in values of standing long jump, sit-ups, and sit and reach at end of the course is evidence that the explosive strength, muscular endurance, and trunk flexibility of the students improved, respectively. Thus, there is evidence that the course improved some aspects of their health-related fitness even though they were not judo athletes.

9-13

Authors: Martin Musalek, Jakub Kokstejn, Pavel Papez, Jan Jírovec and Sárka Honsová

It is quite well known that excessive body fat in children is interpreted as a marker of inhibited physical activity and motor performance. This study aimed to establish whether severe impairment of fundamental motor skills (defined as performance under 5th centile of norms) will be significantly more frequently identified in pre-schoolers age 3-6 years with amount of body fat higher than 85th centile of norms. Research sample consisted of 496 (females=241, males=255) pre-schoolers selected from specific district of Prague, Czech Republic. The MABC-2 was used for the assesment fundamental motor skills. Equations for body fat estimation in children identified 35.8% children with body fat˃85th centile of norms, 61.7% within 15th–85th centile, and 2.5% of children˂15th centile of norms. Results revealed that children whose body fat was higher than 85th centile of norms or lower than 15th centile had double the frequency of severe motor problems. Interestingely on the other hand we found no signficant differences in the frequency of high above average performances˃90th centile in MABC-2 between fat 8.4% and non fat children 10.7%. We suggest that amount of body fat is not a clear predictor for the degree of fundamental motor skills.

21-24

Authors: Robert Kuchar

Many women stand in their lives before one question-of family or child? When is the best time to have it, and what I want to accomplish before and also after childbirth. The same applies to the world of sport. On the contrary, many times it happens that successful athletes decide to end the career at an early age because of prioritizing the family, or vice versa–they prioritize sport at the expense of their family. The aim is to show that it may not always be the choice of either-or, but that it may be possible to combine maternal duties with the sport provided certain principles are followed. The research consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the period of pregnancy, ongoing changes in it (physical, psychological, etc.) and exercises that can be included in this period. The second chapter focuses on the period after childbirth and also on sports possibilities for mother and child life. To find the right path between sport and family life is not an easy way, but not impossible. Although motherhood is a relatively long time when a woman has to leave the sport, so it is not impossible to return and gain others sporting achievements. This study is descriptive and the data are secondary and were collected from valid documents. This study aims to investigate the way for girls and women’s how to do not stop with sport and also have a „normal“ family

31-34

Authors: Fitim Arifi, Sami Sermaxhaj, Iber Alaj, Zenel Metaj and Admire Toverlani

This study is based on measurements of Central region Kosovar adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the Body Height of adolescents from Central region as well relationship between arm span and Body Height in both Kosovar genders. A total measured subject participated in this research was 193 out of which (93 girls and 100 boys), females average of age is 18.15±0.35 years old (range 18-20 years) and for male 18.26±0.44 years old (range 18-20 years). The anthropometric measurements were done by trained people and were taken according to the ISAK manual. Relationship between Body Height and arm span has been analyzed by the simple correlation coefficient at a 95% confidence interval. The linear regression analysis was carried out to examine extent to which arm span can reliably predict of Body Height. Statistical importance was placed at level p<0.05. As a result anthropometric measurements for both sexes showed that the average of Body Height for boys adolescents from Central region are 180.62±5.88 centimeters and have the arm span average of 181.36±7.08 centimeters, while girls from Central 166.77±4.71 centimeters tall, and have the arm span average of 167.08±5.03 centimeters. The results have shown that the arm span was estimated as a reliable indicator of Body Height assessment to the both genders adolescents from Central region of Kosovo population. This study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Kosovo.

39-42

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica and Ivan Vasiljevic

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the strength of kicking the ball with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks’ preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the strength of kicking the ball three tests have been used: the strength of kicking the ball with foot, ball on the ground, the strength of kicking the ball with foot, ball in the air, the strength of kicking the ball with head. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the strength of kicking the ball. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of situational-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the strength of kicking the ball level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

49-52

Authors: Marija Jankovic

The new economy has brought new meaning to the brand, which is characterized by a brand, but also has a human touch, turning into an emotional brand. Alternative branding strategies put emphasis on brand experience in terms of emotional, holistic and socially responsible. Bottled water has become the world's "liquid gold" in the last 40 years, because it is a natural product, which is made with minimal costs. The paper develops the idea to perform a kind of humanization and the introduction of a new emotional brand of bottled water on the market, which will bear the name "Aqua F.I.F.A" designed label of FIFA international organizations, as well as the roof of the organizers of the most important football events in the world and the label of the national team. This paper will analyze in detail the market opportunities and prospects of introducing a unique sports brand, on the emotional aspect, with the use of effective marketing communication strategy.

7-11

Authors: Aida Bendo and Kujtim Haxholli

Yoga, one of the most ancient cultures of physical education, is a physical, mental and spiritual discipline and it has been made part of curricular program in Sports University of Tirana (SUT). We took the responsibility to study the equilibrium quality as a discipline which has never been studied before in Albania. The aim of this study is to assess how postural sway is affected in two different conditions, Eyes Open and Tandem Eyes Closed tests in balance training through yoga exercises. One of the most important yoga exercises is balance training. This training helps in improving coordination system in static and dynamic activities. Before, yoga exercises had been used to build and to maintain the physical conditions, later on this concept has been extended in the balance training and used to improve physical parameters. The reason for describing such exercises is to explain the benefits of yoga exercises to the equilibrium system.

13-16

Authors: Soetanto Hartono and Sukadiono

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate in increasing lactate concentration, blood pH, HCO3- , and time to exhaustion. Increased time to exhaustion is an advantage since the athletes can do more anaerobic work. Exhaustion could be delayed by increasing HCO3- to catch H+ produced by lactate metabolism to form H2O and CO2. The design of this research was randomized pretest posttest control group design. Thirty badminton student players were randomly selected and randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (the control group) was given placebo, NaCl .9 g/dl, the second group was given sodium bicarbonate 300 mg/kg in 500 ml aqua, and the third group was given sodium citrate 300 mg/kg in 500 ml aqua. Blood pH and bicarbonate ion (HCO3- ) were measured through Opti Medical Blood gas Analyzer. Lactate was measured by Cobas Roche lactate Analyzer. Data was analyzed using Manova with .05 significant level. Blood pH of the groups taking sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate were higher significantly against control group (p<.05), and sodium bicarbonate group was significantly higher than the sodium citrate group (p<.05). Blood lactate tests showed that sodium bicarbonate group and sodium citrate group gave significant difference vs control group (p<.05), whereas sodium bicarbonate did not differ significantly against sodium citrate (p>.05). Sodium bicarbonate is better than sodium citrate, although both were better than control (p<.05). Sodium bicarbonate is better than sodium citrate in increasing blood pH and time to exhaustion. The disadvantage of using sodium bicarbonate is that it can cause gastrointestinal problem and headache, so it is not advisable to be used by athletes who have the symptoms.

21-22

Authors: Ivan Vasiljevic, Jovan Gardasevic, Miroslav Kezunovic and Danilo Bojanic

Metabolic syndrome was defined in order to identify people with an increased risk. One of five criteria of metabolic syndrome is also an abdominal (central) obesity. The study included 297 subjects, middle aged from Montenegro, 137 (46.12%) male and 160 (53.88%) of the respondents were female. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 2.1 billion people suffer from overweight. Analyzing the results of our research, more than worrying fact is that two-thirds of the studied population in middle age are having problems with over-nutrition and obesity. It is estimated that in the world today, about one billion people are overweight, and about 300 million obese.

27-29

Authors: Milovan Ljubojevic, Aldijana Muratovic and Marija Bubanja

The presence of lifeguard service on beaches greatly contributes to reducing the number of accidents in and around the water. The lifeguard can be a person with good motor, but also cognitive skills and abilities. In addition to good swimming skills, lifeguard must be able to quickly detect and recognize the accident, and also to be able to timely and correctly act in case of accident in water, but also at the beach. The goal of this study is to determine the structure of cognitive abilities and skills with the sample of lifeguards that work on Montenegrin beaches. Battery KOG-3 was applied on the sample of 40 lifeguards. The collected and achieved results lead to following conclusion: the subjects have good ability to determine relation between elements of a structure and lower characteristics of that structure; subjects have good ability to assess the efficiency of serial processor; and subjects have good ability to assess efficiency of perceptive processor

35-37

Authors: Dragan Krivokapic

Classic theories interpret the phenomena of tiredness as a consequence of biochemical changes appearing in the whole organism or in active organs. From operational point of view we can define tiredness as a reversible psychophysical condition appearing under the influence of expanded time of activities, which is manifested a series of negative changes on physiological, psychological and behavioral plan. Physiological nature was primarily related by the scientists to lack of oxygen and other nutritional material in blood or blood plasma andloading of different waste material and metabolism products On those bases, three classical theories were founded, such as: theory of suffocation, theory of exhaustion, and theory of saturation, united in one general name as hormonal theories of tiredness. Lately, with extending of findings on the role of reticular formation, there are activation theories of tiredness being developed. Supporters of these theories have discovered a series of complex connections and relations existing through tiredness and different forms of brain work such as: exhaustion of neural cells during their activity, neural influences determining arrival of nutritious material into work active organs, disruption of harmony in neurophysiological processes, role of inhibition process etc. For explanation of mental tiredness, central brain theory of tiredness is dominantly used. Due to new findings of neurophysiology, a neurophysiological theory known as theory of changed hronaxy, starting from time constant of skeletal nerve irritability, is nowadays commonly used for explanation of physical tiredness at skeletal muscles.