Sport Mont

3-6

Authors: Varghese C. Antony and Jossen C. Antony

The study aims to compare the mental toughness attributes between medalist and non-medalist badminton players and between male and female players. Participants were 15 male and 15 female badminton players aged between 13-19 years (M= 15.71, SD=2.82). Mental toughness questionnaire of Tiwari and Sharma was administered and the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and t-test. Medalist players have exhibited higher mean values on self-confidence, attention control, motivation and goal setting attributes. Overall mental toughness of medalists was higher 180.80±17.15 than non-medalists 170.25±20.10. Comparison analysis showed significant difference between medalists and non-medalists on mental toughness attributes: Self-confidence (SCO: p=0.001<0.05), medalists scored (M±SD=31.33±2.10) higher than non-medalists; motivation (MOT: p=0.006<0.05), medalist scored higher (M±SD=33.50±4.07; goal setting (GSE: p=0.044<0.05), medalists scored significantly higher (M±SD=33.55±4.11) than non-medalists. Other attributes did not show any significant difference between medalist and non-medalist players. When compared with gender, no significant difference was observed on mental toughness attributes except attention control (ATNCON: p=0.044<0.05), female players scored (M±SD=38.97±3.08) higher than male players. The findings confirm that mental toughness is a desired attribute which differentiates a medalist and non-medalist player. Connaughton et al., (2007) stated that elite competitive athletes possess better mental toughness. Medalist players displayed better self-confidence than the non-medalists as supported by Kuan and Roy (2007), Loehr (1986). Motivation helps players to achieve their best and enhance mental toughness (Connaughton et al., 2008; Mohammad et al., 2009). Goal setting determines successful performance Weinberg and Weigand (1993), Weinberg (2003). It was concluded that medalist badminton players showed better mental toughness attributes than the non-medalists.

11-14

Authors: Marija Bubanja, Rajko Milasinovic and Danilo Bojanic

Testing was conducted on a sample of 35 subjects, students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niksic, who attend regular classes of the Based skiing. There were two systems implied during the testing and those are a predicator system of variables and a criterion system of variables. The predictor system of variables consists of 9 morphological measurements (body weight, chest circumference, thigh volume, body height, the length of the lower leg, arm length, knee diameter, shoulder width and pelvic width) and 8 motor skills (hand tapping, foot tapping, bend-twist-touch, balance with closed eyes, balance with open eyes, agility in the air, side steps, backwards polygon). The criterion system of variables consists of 4 situational motor task (oblique descent, turn towards the slope, V shift, basic meandering). Based on the obtained results, basic descriptive statistic indicators have been calculated: range-Range, minimum-Min, the maximum-Max, arithmetic average-Mean, standard error of arithmetic meanStd.Error Mean, standard deviation-SD. According the results of regression analysis it could be concluded that the system of 17 predictor variables (9 morphological and 8 motor skills) have achieved a statistically significant impact on the efficiency of the performance of ski technique-two out of four situational motor tasks (criterion system) and those are: V-turn and basic meandering. On the other hand, the system of 17 predictor variables has not achieved statistically significant effect on the efficiency of execution of technical elements of ski techniques on two situational motor task, and those are: oblique descent and turn towards the slope.

19-20

Authors: Aldijana Muratovic, Ivan Vasiljevic, Danilo Bojanic and Milovan Ljubojevic

The main objective of this study was to determine possible foot deformities students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Obesity is one of the main causes of flat feet, which is directly associated with reduced physical activity (Khalid, Rai, Mobeen, & Amjad, 2015). The research was conducted at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niksic, on a sample of 116 respondents. The sample of variables consisted of a total of two foot deformities: flat feet (pes planus) and carved feet (pes cavus) divided into three levels according to the severity of the deformity, from the lightest to the heaviest, including foot without deformity. For determining the status of the foot, was applied orthopaedy on the basis of which is considered plantar side of the foot. It was used appliance brand PODOSKOPIO LUX 02990. The results are presented in tables in the percentage and numerical representation of the assessment deformities flat and hollowed foot. According to the results it is evident that out of 116 respondents, 53 students (45.7%) were without deformities. Numerical and percentage estimates flatfoot deformity is: 16 students (13.8%)-level I; 6 students (5.2%)-level II; Numerical and percentage estimates hollowed foot deformity is: 28 students (24.1%)- level I; 7 students (6%)–level II; 6 students (5.2%)-level III. The highest percentage shows deformity "hollowed foot" of the first degree (24.1%), which is often the case with people athletic type. Some studies have shown that people with recessed feet in some sports disciplines, achieve the same results as people with normal feet (Jovovic, 2008). Accordingly, foot deformity may occur not only in the period of growth and development, but also in later years (Zivkovic, 2009)

25-29

Authors: Ana Cordellat, Cristina Blasco-Lafarga, Pablo Monteagudo, Ainoa Roldán and MCarmen Velasco

Balance is a main focus of elderly activity programs which can be assessed by functional tests or stabilometry platforms. Our study aims to compare balance-changes in trained (TRA) and untrained (UNT) elderly following a 5-month Multi-Component Training Program (MCTP), twice a week, one hour per day. 10 TRA (>2-years) and 9 UNT (first year) performed the Romberg´s test (Open-Eyes 30 seconds/Closed-Eyes 30 seconds ratio) on a stabilometry platform (BT4, Hur Labs). COP displacement (Trace Length: TL) and sway area (C90) were registered twice PRE (1&2), POST (3&4) and 3 months later (Detraining: 5&6) the EFAMUV© program, a Cognitive MCTP based on gait training and Dual-Task neuromuscular proposals in enriched environments. Regarding Open-Eyes, Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed significant group-differences in TL for 1, 2, 5 & 6 sample conditions, and a slight trend toward significance in C90 1&5. TL also showed significant group-differences in Closed-Eyes 1, 5 & 6, while C90 only in 5 & 6 Closed-Eyes. Balance indicators TL and C90 show a different way regarding the training status. A 5- month MCTP reduces differences, but detraining quickly affects UNT. Although effective, short multicomponent interventions could lead to early worsening, so the ratio training-detraining might be considered in untrained elderly population

37-40

Authors: Goran Dimitric, Nebojsa Cokorilo and Milica Bogdanovski

In aim of correlation between antropometric characteristics, motor abilities and results of swimming 50m in all swimming techniques, a group of 22 swimmers (girls) of Serbian national team, aged 14-15, underwent some anthropometric measurements as well as some motor abilities. Observed longitudinal dimensions were: body height, body mass, arm span and torax circumference and observed motor abilities were: body strength (arms, legs, stomach) and flexibility (trunk and arms). Regression analisys showed that arm span corellated with 50m butterfly and free style score as well as strenght of body and legs corellated with 50m backstroke and free style score. Other measures didn΄t corelatted significantly on this sample. Study results confirms importance of arm span and some segments of body strenhgt of swimmers (girls) for successful swimm on 50m in butterfly, backstroke and freestyle techniques in the age 14-15 years.

3-6

Authors: Matej Majerič

The main purpose of this research was to analyse the gender differences among students at the University of Ljubljana in the importance of sport in their lives and the frequency of sport participation. The research was done in the 2013 academic year on a random sample of 3% of the students (N = 1390); a questionnaire about students’ lifestyles was used (Majerič, 2013). In this study, two variables were analysed: the importance of sport in students’ lives and the frequency of sport participation; the data were analysed with SPSS for Windows. The basic statistical parameters for both variables were calculated. To calculate the gender differences, a t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test were run. For the variable ‘importance of sport in students’ lives’, 61.95% of male and 53.20% of female respondents reported that sport is important and very important in their lives. The gender differences were small but statistically significant (p=0.013). For the variable ‘frequency of participation in sport activity’, 79.61% of male and 77.10% of female respondents reported that they were sport active every day, 4 to 6 times a week or 2 to 3 times a week. The gender differences in this variable were also statistically significant (p=0.000). Our findings and conclusions provide useful guidance to the closer and wider professional public who organize sport programmes for students.

13-16

Authors: Izet Rađo, Haris Alić, Izet Bajramović, Eldin Jelešković, Nedim Ćović, Slavenko Likić and Amel Mekić

Study aim was to compare and reevaluate effects of additional strength training program in football players after eight week application. Program was design to increase power and strength of knee extensors and flexors using neuromuscular adaptation. In overall, 18 senior level football players completed intervention in preparation period executing program as part of warm up 2-3 times per week. Using t-test for dependent samples statistical significance of the possible change was evaluated in peak torque, total and average work changes measured using Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. All measuring procedures were done for both limbs. Results are suggesting that statistically significant change observed in both limbs for the peak power output and average work load in flexion and extension, respectively. Other research papers are suggesting that increase of power and strength of knee muscles can help in preventing of injurie occurrence. LCA injurie can be prevention when femoral biceps strength is increase. This training modality based on neuromuscular adaptation is noninvasive with good effects in performance increase. Using training loads with body weight intensity is a good way to establish prevention to possible knee injurie with simultaneous power increase, with minimum of chance to reach unwanted overtraining.

21-23

Authors: Rajko Milašinović, Stevo Popović, Radenko Matić, Jovan Gardašević and Duško Bjelica

The purpose of this study was to examine the body height in Montenegrin male adolescents from southern region as well as the relationship between arm span as an alternative to estimating the body height, which would vary from region to region in Montenegro. Our investigation analyses 87 male adolescents from the southern region in Montenegro. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Means and standard deviations regarding the anthropometric measurements were obtained. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the extent to which the arm span can reliably predict body height. The results displayed that male Southern-Montenegrins are 182.53±7.53 cm tall and have an arm span of 184.55±9.03 cm. Compared to other studies, the results of this study have shown that this gender made Southern- Montenegrins the tall population, taller than most of nation around the Europe. On the other hand, expectably, the arm span reliably predicts body height in this gender. However, the estimation equations which have been obtained in Southern-Montenegrins are, different alike in general population, since arm span was closer to body heights (2.03±1.50 cm), more than in general population. Hence, this study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Montenegro.

31-33

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic and Rajko Milasinovic

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the repetitive strength with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the repetitive strength three tests have been used: Lying-sed for 30 seconds, Push-ups and Lifting upper body while lying on stomach. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the repetitive strength. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of basic-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the repetitive strength level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population

39-43

Authors: Ifet Mahmutović, Izet Rađo, Munir Talović, Rasim Lakota, Haris Alić and Eldin Jelešković

The aim of this paper is to determine the level of improvement of motor skills of female volleyball players influenced by kinesiology operators in a period of 6 months. Research was conducted on sample subject of 130 female volleyball players aged from 13±0.6 (mean±SD). Sample variables are divided in two groups: 9 variables of assessment of basic motor skills and 5 variables of assessment of situational motor skills. Analysing difference of arithmetic means between of initial and final measures of treated variables it is determined that there is statistically significant difference on the level Sig=0.001, except for variables of Jelka test which determinates speed duration of female volleyball players. Analysis of quantity changes of basic motor skills, shows that the most important projections on selected discriminative function of basic motor skills have the following variables: body lifting in 30 sec; dynamometry of a hand, hand tapping; pull-up; throwing a 1 kg ball from lying position; side defence movement; push-up on bars and situational motor skill are the variables: precision of tactic serving; consecutive bumping; wall-spikes. Comprehensive development of female volleyball players and diversity in the level of volleyball specialization of the development will depend on systematic work on treated motor skills. This program appeared to be efficient. However, it is necessary to gradually increase the demands for the female volleyball players and to put the accent on performance of acquired situational motor skills in future work.

3-6

Authors: Martin Zvonar, Martin Vavacek and Dusana Cierna

Everyone needs to walk; however, many people have problems with walking caused by non-standard condition or function of their feet, which in some cases can be easily recognized by thermography methods. The question is which internal actors can influence plantar temperature. 20 pregnant women from Czech and Slovak Republic in early stage of pregnancy, aged from 24 to 38 years old were included in the research. In this research, we followed the course of temperature-rested feet and feet after exercise for pregnant mothers in the different trimesters of pregnancy. Our task during the experimental research was to verify the functionality of special shoes. When we examined the temperatures of left and right sole in pregnant women, we noticed significant differences between right and left leg on 1 % level of statistical significance. Body weight gain is directly proportional with increased pressure on future mother’s sole. Increased body weight and pressure on the sole connected with it increases blood flow of the tissue. More blood flowing increases the friction and the temperature of the sole. Surprisingly, from second to third trimester we noticed decrease in temperature after walking.

13-16

Authors: Jovan Gardašević, Duško Bjelica and Ivan Vasiljević

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the movement speed with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the movement speed three tests have been used: foot tapping on the wall, sprint to 20m high start and sprint to 60m high start. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. Can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the movement speed. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of basic-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period, where dominates the situational model training is very effective in terms of raising the movement speed level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

21-23

Authors: Danilo Bojanić, Milovan Ljubojević and Marija Bubanja

The aim of the research is to determine the level of quantitative changes of motor abilities of pupils with special needs under the influence of kinetic activity regular physical education teaching. The survey was conducted on students of the Centre for children and youth with special needs in Mostar, the city of Los Rosales in Mostar and day care facilities for children with special needs in Niksic. The sample was composed of boys of 46 subjects, who were involved in regular physical education for a period of one school year. The level of quantitative and qualitative changes in motor skills, written under the influence of kinesiology operators within regular school physical education classes, was estimated by applying appropriate tests of motor skills, selected in accordance with the degree of mental ability and biological age. Manifest variables applied in this experiment were processed using standard descriptive methods in order to determine their distribution function and basic function parameters. Comparisons of results of measures of central dispersion parameters initial and final measurement, it is evident that the applied program of physical education and sport contribute to changing the distribution of central and dispersion parameters, and that the same distribution of the final measurement closer to the normal distribution of results.

29-31

Authors: Aldijana Muratović and Danilo Bojanić

The goal of research is to establish differences in biomotoric space with young people at the age of cadets (14 ± 6 months; 15 ± 6 months) from Montenegro. The study covers a sample of 500 respondents in total, where 400 of the students are not angaged in organized training process (non-athletes) and 100 are handball players of organized trainings. Biomotoric space is treated with twenty one (21) variables that hypothetically cover the space of: segmented speed, flexibility, explosive leg power, explosive power of arm and shoulder, repetitive power, coordination and balance. The space of specific motoric abilities is tested with five (5) variables that hypotetically cover the space of: shot precision, ball handling capability, slalom running speed, speed in ball control in movement and speed of movement without ball. Data obtained from the tests is calculated on basic statistic approaches. The paper presents the rank of biomotoric and specificmotoric abilities for each group of respondents to the results obtained. The obtained results suggest the following conclusions as most significant: 1) in the space of biomotoric abilities better results achieved the handball players from the Continental region against those of Mediterranien; 2) in specific biomotoric abilities handball players from the Continental region marked better results as against those of the Mediterranien; 3) in biomotoric abilities handball players achieved better results in comparison with the non-athletes; and 4) in specific biomotoric abilities handball players achieved better results in comparison with the non-athletes

39-41

Authors: Rajko Milašinović and Stevo Popović

The objective of this study is the history of skiing, while the main goal will be the historical development of skiing in Montenegro. The study consists three goals. The first goal is the emergence of the first ski in the world and benefits that are brought. Another goal is focused on the development of skiing in the former Yugoslavia. The third and the main goal is the occurrence and development of skiing and ski sports in the territory of Montenegro. During the making of this study, the author used descriptive method with consulting of competent literature. The previous author experience in this field was also so useful. Moreover, the author used the analytic method and parallel method that is the most productive if you make some inferences about some appearance. Consequently, the main outcome of this study was showing of historical progress of ski sports in Montenegro from early beginnings to the modern Olympic skiing