Sport Mont

3-9

Authors: Mustafa Levent Ince

Coaches and teachers are two key figures in the management and facilitation of the transformational process (i.e. training-education) in sport. Therefore, providing high quality professional development opportunities for them can directly impact on the transformational process in sport. Professional development content for coaches and teachers is influenced by current and future needs of the athletes. Traditionally, aim of athletic success has the strongest effect on sport practices. Focus of this aim is mainly on talented children and youth. Therefore, it requires a very selective process and it is not inclusive. Recently, increased awareness of health promotion and the strong link between health and regular sport participation have also deeply impacted on sport practices. This point of view emphasizes on “sports for all” and “lifelong sport participation”, and it is inclusive. Aim of athletic success and aim of health promotion require different coaching and teaching approaches. However, developing a sense of autonomy in athletes is important in both settings. Above mentioned issues influence the “training design” and “instructional design” approaches for coaches and teachers in different contexts. Current presentation will include a discussion on both trends and challenges in the professional development of coaches and teachers in making them better facilitators of teaching and learning.

17-23

Authors: Duško Bjelica, Dragan Krivokapić

A poll procedure has been done at sample of 102 kindergarten teachers with Bachelor degree attending Specialist studies at Department of Pre-School Education of the Faculty of Philosophy in Niksic, and the aim of the poll was to determine the examinees’ opinions on games organizations in pre-school institutions, from all towns of Montenegro. All of the questioned teachers were employed during the poll or they had already had working experience. The poll was based on the 14 questions questionnaire, especially made for this purpose in which the questions were classified in groups in order to determine 4 aspects that are important for successful organization of games. The first group of the questions regards choice of the games to be played; the second group relates to space choice for the game, as the third group of the questions refers to the way of making groups of children during preparation. The fourth group of the questions regards making cooperation and tolerance among the children during the games’ realization. This poll is a part of the research done at the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education in Niksic with the aim to get directions for improving teaching and expert work in pre-school institutions through monitoring and insight into opinions of Specialist studies’ students. Key words: opinions, aspects, game, pre-school education.

29-34

Authors: Radovan Čokorilo, Zoran Milošević

Leadership is the most important factor of the structure and dynamics of each organised group. In the broadest sense of the word it is studied as an interactive process which affects individuals and groups in terms of implementation of the set goals. Leadership affects orientation of a group, exchange of information, decision making, establishment of interpersonal relations, people’s motivation, etc. One should make a difference between a leader and a manager who is primarily in charge of planning, organisation, budget, assistant personnel etc. Even though leaders sometimes have the same obligations, leadership involves the skill of vision embodiment and not only a specific style of behaviour. The paper begins with an analyses of four approaches to leadership (character, behavioural, interactive, multidimensional). This is followed by an analysis of theoretical aspects of ethical theories on personal traits and leader behaviour. Special emphasis is put on the phenomenon of influence of each leader on his followers, which includes a huge ethical responsibility. Results of our analysis indicate that ethics of leadership in sports management is primarily important to the leader himself, however, due to the nature of influence as a process, it is equally important for organisational values and motivation of followers in implementation of common goals. Key words: leader, manager, ethics, management.

41-47

Authors: Bistra Dimitrova

Key words: Synchronized swimming, management of the functional preparation, cardiovascular system, cardiovascular system, blood circulation, and critical velocity of blood flow.

53-59

Authors: Dinko Vuleta

The goal of this research is to analyze the differences in parameters of situation efficiency between the goalkeepers of the winning and losing teams on the end result of the handball match defined by the criteria win/loss (POB/POR). The sample of variables consists of frequencies of successful and unsuccessful saves made by the goalkeepers of the winning and losing teams. This research is conducted on a sample of 94 played games (188 opponents) of the World handball championship for junior women in Korea 2010. The participating (24 teams), were divided into four groups of six national teams. To determine success/failure in made saves the standard indicators of situation efficiency of goalkeepers were used. To determine the statistically significant differences between the variables the Mann-Whitney U test was used. In the variables saved shots from 9 meter positions successfully, saved shots from 6 meter positions unsuccessfully, saved shots from wing positions successfully, saved shots from wing positions unsuccessfully, saved shots from counter attacks successfully, saved shots from counter attacks unsuccessfully, and saved shots from breakthroughs unsuccessfully a statistically significant difference was determined at the level (p. ‹0.01) between winning and losing teams. Key words: handball, juniors, national teams, World cup, differences, situation efficiency of goalkeepers, Mann-Whitney U test.

67-73

Authors: Dejаn Gojković,Zoran Milinković

Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the spine or the angular deviation of the normal position of one or more segmenata.Funkcional curve can be fully corrected until the internal structural scoliosis are bone disorders, muscle nerve elements that support the spine, and complete correction is impossible. Static role is reflected in the foot taking kisses body weight through the bones pop and transmission and distribution of weight on the main point of support of the foot and therefore subject to various changes in the normal foot status.Dinamic role is reflected in walking, running and jumping in different forms. Because of this, the percentage of foot disorders is particularly large in the form of lowering the testing we arche.Perform o.š.Pale Pale deformities in scoliosis and flat feet in students III, V, VII grade. Our aim was to verify the extent to which physical education classes take appropriate measures in the detection and removal of poor posture and physical deformities. For testing we used: clinical method for scoliosis, a method for flat feet - Thomson method.

80-91

Authors: Grujo Bjeković, Nenad Lalić, Đorđe Arnaut

Classifying female students of Faculty of Philosophy Department of Lower Elementary Teaching (85) has been carried out according to evidences of the physical activity questionnaire and sedentary time spending, classifying female students into separated taxonomic groups by use of hierarchy of cluster analysis. By method of multiple analysis of variance it has been established the statistical importance of classifying female students into typical groups appropriate for parallel analysis of their characteristics in relation to: present physical and mental fatigue and knowledge, and art of using the value contents of personal physical education in accordance with the scope of physical activities and sedentary time spending in day regime. Individual profiles of the surveyed evidences have been adduced according to the typical groups for the purpose of case study of the ratio of female students to the value contents of personal physical education. The purpose of that kind of monitoring is recognition of needs for creation and implementation of the peculiar contents, methodology and forms of personal physical education appropriate for creative physical/bodily and practical spiritual accomplishment of female students by the culture of motion activity. The personal culture of motion activity of female students is apprehended as basic prerequisite for their complete development and selfaccomplishment by peculiar ratio to all aspects of personal culture of personality.

96-100

Authors: Ivica Šćepanović

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of basic motor abilities on execution speed of complex karate combination. The sample of subjects included 37 male karate practitioners aged 15 years ± 6 months from three karate clubs from the north of Montenegro. For the purposes of this study a system of 19 variables, which are hypothesized to cover areas of motor abilities (18 variables) and specific motor abilities (1 variable), was used. The data obtained in this study were submitted to statistical analysis, which involves regression analysis as the primary statistical operation. Insight into the results indicate that the system of basic motor abilities has a statistically significant influence on the speed of execution of a complex karate combination (R=.92; R2=.85; Q=.00). A significant effect of the individual predictors on the aforementioned criteria remained in the domain of variables for assessment of running speed and coordination: 20m running start (β=-.41; Q-β=.02), side steps (β=.44; Q-β=.02) and agility in the air (β=.61; Q-β=.02).

106-111

Authors: Milomir Trivun

Finalist swimmers in the 2nd International Swimming Meeting, which was held in Banja Luka from 16 to 17 April 2011, were related to 100m breast stroke. The result efficiency of the competitors in the mentioned section of A and B finals showed inconsiderable statistical differences. The research was conducted on the male competitors of the 2nd International Meeting in Banja Luka. The sample was consisted of 18 competitors who were ranked in the A and B finals. Chronological age of the A final’s participants was related to the year of birth from 1990 to 1995, whereas B final’s participants year span varied from 1992 to 1997. Sample of variables (measuring instruments) was result efficiency at 100m expressed in stylized form of breast stroke movements. The results were subjected to the descriptive analysis of central tendency measures and to the T-test. The results of the central tendency measures had less numerical value with the A finalists compared to the B finalists. On the other hand, similar results have larger numerical values according to the score boards of the swimming competitions. Sample, consisting of 18 male respondents who were ranked in the A and B finals of the 2nd International Swimming Meeting held on 16 and 17 April 2011, shows inconsiderable statistical significance, but it is still worthy of attention and analysis for the success in swimming; not only in major swimming competitions (World Cups, Olympic Games, Championships, Meetings etc.), but in regional competitions also.

116-125

Authors: Ratko Pavlović

Morphological status of athletes is his, we can say, based on an identification card, which can be assigned to a particular constitutional type, and we also got information about his body height, body weight, BMI, and even used to analyze and age. Different constitutional types are present in the sport and are important in terms of targeting, selection and performance of a specific sport. This is particularly pronounced in the athletic sport where within athletics have many different types of athletes is constitutional requires a certain discipline. This paper analyzes the morphological status of female finalists in jumping events at the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. The survey included 32 athletes who performed in the final of the measured variables to assess the morphological status: body height (AVIS), body mass (AMAS), derived body mass index (BMI) and age athletes (GOD). Applying basic statistical parameters (mean) made a comparative analysis of the applied variables based competitors that have passed certain conclusions.

131-136

Authors: Jelena Ilić

The aim of this study was to determine which sports are most popular among parents of pupils of primary school in Serbia, in order to determine which sports would be advisable to introduce in the classes of physical education. The sample included 5865 parents. Most parents would like to introduce as an optional sport swimming, football, basketball, volleyball and at last parents would like to introduce acrobatics, wrestling, orienteering and rowing. Obtained were statistically significant differences according to gender (fathers would like to be introduced football and mothers would like swimming) and according to educational level (parents with higher educational level would most like to be introduced swimming and volleyball; while parents with the lowest educational level prefered football). The results indicates that with enlargement of educational level of parents comes higher level of interest for other sports, like skiing and basketball and decrease level interest for bicycling, football and karate.

145-150

Authors: Veselin Jovović

Schematic representation of extended sprint speed curves was carried out on the basis of analysis of achieved results of four sprinter girls at 400 metres distance. Kinematic analysis was carried out for top three young Montenegrian athletes ,who are the members of AC ’JEDINSTVO’ from Bijelo Polje, Their results are currently the best, or among the best results in Montenegro and they are very similar to the results Kolet Beson (France) achieved when she won the Olympic Games in Mexico in 1968. The speed curve is calculated by measurng the starting time on every 50m, from the start of the race to its finish. By calculating certain parametres the fundamental kinematic elements were established. : speed motion, crossed path and time. According to these kinetic elements, the speed diagram for all four sprinters was gained. Characteristic oscilations of the speed curve reveal the basic signs of quality of running and abilities to dispose their strength on the path. Also, this diagram indicates to some methodical oversight and mistakes made during the training and advancement in running technicques. These information are really valuable because they can serve a lot in some future training and preparation of the young sprinters.

157-162

Authors: Katarina Herodek, Emilija Petković,Miljana Jovanović

The young gymnasts from seven cities in the Republic of Serbia at the age of 8- 12 years was covered with programmed gymnastic training 3-4 times a week for 90 minutes and the system of competition within the "C" program GSS. The case studies are examined relationships conative characteristics modified by Catel 16PF questionnaire with success in gymnastics, which is estimated to success in the competition in the "C" program of the Gymnastics Federation of Serbia. Using canonical correlation analysis of the data show that in the space of conative characteristics examined were found to be factors I-sensitivity-sharp temper, Hfearlessness and Q1- openness to change. Success in gymnastics was defined positive relations with disciplines Rings (.77), Pommel horse and Bar (.73) and Vault (.63). The hypothesis that says "conative characteristics have a positive relationship with success in gymnastics" can not be accepted because there is a statistically positive relationship that is explained with 83%. Young gymnasts who show a sharp temper and willingness to learn new cause the contents with strong courage, can successfully realizes "C" program GS Serbia in gymnastics.

173-177

Authors: Katarina Herodek, Emilija Petković,Miljana Jovanović

The sample includes 40 subjects of both sexes: male (20) and female (20) population of students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis. The research involves the application of the rebound in gymnastics with two different heights (40 and 50cm) on three different surfaces of elasticity: hard, demyelastic and elastic surface. The subject of the research were the dynamic parameters of movement laid down from Drop Jump (DJ) with Myotest device and in the following parameters: height (in cm), power (in W/ kg), force (in N/ kg) and speed (cm/ s). Using canonical-discrimination analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the performance jump of hard and demyelastic surface from a height 40 cm and 50 cm for men and women, thethe studied parameters (height, strength ,power and speed of the bounce ). Revealed a statistically significant difference in performance with the elastic rebound surface elevations of 40 cm and 50 cm for men and women (p = 0.00). Of the examined parameters was obtained that there are significant differences in the Force reflection to the significance level of 98% (0.0255) and the power of reflection on the significance level of 100% (0.0009) in men. In women of the examined parameters was obtained a statistically significant difference in the strength of the rebound only from positions of 40cm and 50cm and 100% (0.0075).

182-185

Authors: Milovan Ljubojević,Ivan Terzić

An increased number of accidents in water has been registered during the last decades. In order to reduce those accidents, state and international institutions have prescribed standards to be respected and fulfilled by States. Also, the modern tourist offer is not complete without safety standards being fulfilled. The specificity of Montenegrin teritory (the Adriatic sea coastline, Skadar Lake with acc. 60 km long coastline and other lakes, fast mountain rivers suitable for rafting, etc.) as well as the increased turning of Montenegro to the elite tourism, influenced on the adoption of a series of regulations and measures that have greatly increased the safety level on the beaches. Lifeguarding on water is an organized activity that has been implemented in Montenegro since 1999. The result of this implementation is a reduced number of accidents, better safety on the beaches, better informing of the guests about the risks that could happen during swimming, increased culture level of guests behaviour at the regulated swimming beaches. The aim of this paper is to present what has been done up to now in the field of training of lifeguards on the water in Montenegro, as well as possible directions for further development.

193-198

Authors: Artan R. Kryeziu

The paper aims to establish the impact of basic motor skills in some situational accuracy tests in youth basketball game. In a sample of 60 tested age of 17 year + / - 6 months. We have applied eigjt variables to the tested persons, five of which are predicting, while the other three are criterion tests. Connectivity between motor variables is handled through the correlation of Pearson. The impact of variables predicting in those criteria used in regression analysis. Also significant importance is given to the introduction of connectivity between basic motor skills in several accuracy tests typical for the basketball game situations. Regarding the basic motor skills variables have attained significant coherence, however situational space test throwing the ball in the basket in the same direction and shooting the ball in the basket in the corner 450 degres no coherence with any test has been shown from the space of the appility of basic motor skills. Through regression analysis procedure we’ve reviewed the impact of basic motor skills in some situational accuracy tests. Treat analysis of criterion variables in those predicting we can say that accuracy to situational variables impact junior league players had explosive force. Therefore we can conclude that explosive strength is a quite important factor in the game between young basketball players, with there moving actions the playes can achive their goal of scoring points.

207-211

Authors: Zoran Đokić, Bojan Međedović

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), is also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may be used for therapeutic purposes and training. EMS is causing muscle contractions via electrical impulses. The survey was conducted as a case study. The study was conducted on subject of 3 male of different ages. The study lasted 4 weeks, and the respondents have not used any type of training or activity, which would affect the development of explosive strength of the lower extremities. Electrical stimulation was performed in the evening, every other day, with COMPEX mi sport apparatus (Medical SA - All rights reserved - 07/06 - Art. 885,616 - V.2 model). In 4 week period, a total of 13 treatments were performed on selected muscle groups - quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius. Program of plyometric training (Plyometric) (28 min per treatment), for each muscle group were applied. The main objective of this study was to quantify and compare explosive leg strength, using different vertical jump protocols, before and after the EMS program. The initial and final testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Sport and Tourism in Novi Sad, on the contact plate AXON JUMP (Bioingeniería Deportiva, VACUMED, 4538 Westinghouse Street Ventura, CA 93 003) under identical conditions. In all three of the respondents indicated an increase in vertical jump in all applied protocols.

218-224

Authors: Branislav Radulović, Dragan Krivokapić

The sample of 171 examinees from the ninth grade of primary schools in Montenegro has been used to assess the anthropometric and motor variables with EUROFIT method. The results were compared with other studies of European countries and indicate that the fourteen years old boys have achieved the average values compared to their peers, whereas the results of the girls compared to their peers were significantly below the average values. This research should indicate the need for a comprehensive and systematic monitoring of physical development and physical skills of the children from primary schools in Montenegro. That implies defining the norms for each age group, based on which we would determine not only the current state of anthropological status of pupils, but we would also ensure obtaining the feedback on the results of the work and progress of the pupils.

232-235

Authors: Georgi Georgiev, Vujica Živković,Viktor Mitrevski

The research has been conducted on 200 school boys. They had three motor tests to assess the movement frequency. Each measurement was carried out on the same entities in four successive years, starting when they were at their fifth grade, and then at their sixth, seventh, and eighth grade. The aim was to establish the process of changing the frequency of movement as motor ability. The obtained results suggest that the more advanced in age school children get, the better results they achieve.

241-246

Authors: Nela Tatar

The creation of positive attitudes and opinions of students toward physical education is one of the tasks of enduring value and should be achieved through teaching in physical education. Achievement of this objective is achieved by the enduring value and attitude to deal with the activities in the field of physical education. Given the importance of physical education as a subject or a part of education in the upbringing of the younger generation, cannot but emphasize its importance and impact on the ability of proper awareness of health, physical, mental and functional abilities, and even influence the formation of attitudes and interests of physical Education.The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an awareness of the importance of the school population movement and physical activity, you practice sports or recreational activities in their spare time or amount of exercise they meet in class, and if there is and how much interest to add additional hours of physical education in the form of compulsory or optional. Also how young people of different regions involved in sports and that, and that is to evaluate what their perception is sports.Data on data obtained during field research. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first part included demographic characteristics of the patients, other sports and physical activities, and the third part which relates to the subjective assessment of students on the importance of physical activity and the equipment room for the same. It is important to note that the data processing is done in such a summary and sex, municipality, region... As such; the data give us the possibility of regional and other comparisons ninth grade students in Montenegro.

253-258

Authors: Peko Vujović, Saša Semeredi, Dušan Stupar

The subject of this paper is the recording of predefined hypothetical significant predictors for achieving goals in modern football. Concretely, the object of this study is the mode of play of top teams and individual characteristics of ellite players and comparative analysis of the last two world championships. The aim of the research was to determine the qualitative and quantitative differences between the successfully completed attacks on the World Cup in Germany in 2006 and South Africa in 2010, using a pre-defined variables. Task of the paper is to identify the set of variables that represent a good predictor for efficacy in attack phase, and which tendencies of play can be seen using of variables recorded on the sample matches in the last two world championships. The steps of work are the followers. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the positions of the players in the team, who scored a goals and assisted on two observed world championships. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the time intervals in which the goals was scored in the two above-mentioned competition. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the number of contacts with the ball at players just before successfuly implementation of attack on the mentioned competitions. And to determine whether there are a significant differences in the positions on the ground from which the goal has been scored, and from which is assisted for the goal. On the basis on the processed variables, the conclusions which have a foothold in the relevant and reliable parameters were drawn.

266-274

Authors: Nebojša Čokorilo, Milena Mikalački, Darinka Korovljev, Goran Dimitrić, Goran Vasić

Walking is one of the few physical activities that suit most people: do not burden the body as intensely as other activities, injuries are rare, and it is necessary to determine the conditions for its exercise. Unlike normal walking, when the upper body is relatively passive, Nordic Walking activates more muscles of the back and arms. Using poles while walking reduces the load on the lower extremities, especially the hip joints, knees and ankles. Elderly people use sticks provides greater stability as it increases the support surface and thus reduces the risk of falls and injury, dangerous occurrence of fractures.The aim of the research is the evaluation of the effects of two models of walking and determine the differences in the results on the morphological characteristics of elderly women. The study comprised 87 individuals, females, aged between 50 and 60 years, territories, municipalities Novi Sad. In the first experimental group'' E1'' was regular and 30 females and their data are taken into consideration. The second experimental group'' E2'' had 27 trainees have been regular. Those in the control group were 30th The measurement of skin fold and circumference measurements and procedures were performed in accordance with IBP - player. The experimental program lasted three months. Differences between individual groups in each variable were calculated using LSD - post hoc test. Were found statistically significant differences between experimental groups and between the two experimental.

281-286

Authors: Goran Dimitrić, Maja Batez, Milica Bogdanovski, Miroslav Petrović,Igor Glavičić

Swimming results are permanently improving. Results in individual medley disciplines are also improving. Individual medley disciplines are consist of all four swimming techiques. Results in these disciplines depende amongother things, on the swimming quality in all techniques. In 200m individual medley, each techinque implies 50m swimming, in following order: butterfly, backstroke, breast stroke and free style. The aim of this paper is to determine individual affect of each swimming technique on 200m individual medley final result. Reasearh was based on the achieved times of 30 male and 30 female swimmers who participated in 200m individual medley qualifications on European chanpionship - Szczecin 2011, Poland. According to adequate statistical methods and analysis of results, certain conclusions will be derived.

294-300

Authors: Marta Bon, Mojca Doupona Topič

The aim of the study was to ascertain the attitude of handball coaches towards conflict situations with regard to selected socio-demographic characteristics. The sample consisted of 58 Slovenian handball coaches working in youth teams. Many differences were discovered between groups of participants. Female coaches held a higher degree of education compared to their male colleagues, and more of them were single (all younger than 31 years). More than half of all participants are involved in an emotional relationship and have children of their own. Generally speaking, coaches have a relatively neutral attitude towards conflicts; they admit their presence, but do not always act as to prevent them from happening. They do not immediately exclude a conflictive player from the team, but try to influence her/him. A conflict with the players or the team management does not divert them from their activity. Female coaches are “more tolerant” of conflicts in their team and seldom intervene between players. Older coaches tend to choose extreme statements. They admit the presence of conflicts, but do not seek reasons for them, often leaving the players to settle the conflict by themselves. Coaches involved in an emotional relationship are slightly more “tolerant” of conflicts. Less experienced coaches perceive conflicts as “less useful” compared to more experienced coaches, while professional coaches agree to a greater extent that conflicts must always be solved. Higher educated coaches tend to notice more conflicts, which probably comes as a consequence of their greater self-criticality. They more frequently see positive sides of conflicts and try to discover the causes for conflict arise.

308-315

Authors: Drаgаn Mаrtinović, Drаgаn Brаnković, Vlаdаn Pelemiš

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on a sample of 238 parents whose children attend the third and fourth grades in two Belgrade elementary schools: “Oslobodioci Beograda” and “Borislav Pekic”. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of outdoor activities and the attitude of the third and fourth graders’ parents towards it. Statistical data processing was based on the use of the –R, and every question represented a random variable. The analysis of the collected data has proved the presence of outdoor activities among these pupils and their positive attitude towards camping out, as well as a positive attitude of their parents.

324-328

Authors: Bogdan Tomić,Miroslav Smajić, Dejan Madić, Borislav Obradović, Slavko Molnar,Miroslav Radoman

Good knowledge of athletes and their abilities, that achieve superior results may be a landmark and milestone in what direction should be focused on selection and training process. The various disciplines determine the development of various motor abilities, and be for each sport to define their standards. Motor abilities are subject to weather changes, due to which standards have limited time. "Ideal team" is a set of best individuals in the starting lineup in a given season competition.The aim of this research was to perform the difference between "ideal teams" two generation of footballers in motor abilities. The sample comprised 54 players age 23.74 years, who are members of FK Vojvodina Novi Sad divided into two groups. The first group consists of 26 players aged 24.57±2,55 years from the season 2004/2005, while the second group of 28 players aged 22.96±2,86 years from the season 2010/2011. Sample measures for the evaluation of motor abilities are: deep forward bend, Abalakov test, push-ups and raising troops. To determine the difference between the two groups of players applied the t-test. Based on the conducted this study show that the two groups of respondents players statistically significantly different only in the test deep forward bend on the bench and better overall results achieved less more successful generation of footballers.

335-340

Authors: Krassimir Petkov, Valentine Panayotov

We analyzed the participations and the rankings of the different European states in the 2012 Europen Championship. The diversity, which fencing brings with it in United Europe always attracts a lot of the attention of the sport public as an innovative and dynamic sport discipline. In this article the total number of contestants and the number of contestants in the different weapons for both sexes are monitored. We found that the most competitive disciplines were epee men discipline with 92 participants and epee women discipline with 75 participants, and the least competitive – foil women discipline with 40 participants. The nation that won the biggest number of medals was Russia with total of 8 medals 4 of wich golden. The first three states ranked by the competitors in the top sixteen group for all weapons are as follows: Russia with 16%, Italy with 15% and Germany with 13%. After observing the technics most widely used by the most successful contestants in this competition we reached to the followig recommendations for Bulgarian fencers to perform better: 1. For a better ranking to be achieved it is necessary attention to be paid on improving the technics of attack, using movements of high difficulty and speed and 2. It is important to improve dramatically the quality of both the attack and the defence.

346-350

Authors: Vladimir Milošević

Evaluation of students in PE class is a complex process that requires detailed planning and grading is an important part of it. This is why the grading criteria need to be clearly defined and a constant approach needs to be developed for their application. This paper describes a way to grade the motoric skills of students. Evaluation was conducted on a sample of seventh-grade students of both sexes N=51, male n=27, and female n=24. The tests encompassed tossing a medicine ball, long jump from standing, 30 meter dash, trying to stay in the knuckle, and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds. The results in the disciplines 30 meter dash, long jump from standing and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds are laid out here in accordance with the standard deviation of the results for the entire test group (all three seventh-grade classes) while the disciplines tossing a medicine ball and trying to stay in the knuckle were conducted using the formula that encompassed body mass and a corresponding coefficient. The results indicate students’ expected capabilities in motoric skills tests. Disciplines such as 30 meter dash, long jump from standing and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds can be evaluated in the absolute sense when compared to the appropriate results achieved by other students within the same age group but the disciplines such as tossing a medicine ball and trying to stay in the knuckle require additional measurements. Coefficients introduced into the formulae that are used to compute the results are derived from the standard motoric skills and morphological characteristics tests for the students of both sexes. The evaluation of students’ motoric skills must take into consideration their individual characteristics and model characteristics of the corresponding population that are determined from time to time. This kind of approach adds to a more objective view of students’ motoric skills.

356-359

Authors: Jadranka Kocić, Slađana Milošević

The elements of rhythmic gymnastics, taking the variety of movements, props for exercises and musical accompaniment which is obligatory during exercises into account, give huge possibilities in terms of versatile motor development. The research was conducted with the aim to determine the status of basic and specific motor abilities in 47 nine-year-old (+/- 6 months) girls, third-grade students of elementary school in Nis. The experimental treatment lasted for 12 weeks and it consisted of elements of rhythmic gymnastics. Before the begining and after the end of the experimental treatment, the initial and final measurement were conducted, and they consisted of 25 motor tests. The gained results were processed by the method of canonical discriminative analysis and they are shown in tables and descriptively. By the usage of canonical discriminative analysis in motor and specific motor space, one discriminative function, which maximally separates different measurements according to the coefficient, was isolated. The girls were separated according to their mobility (spreading legs side lying by left and right), repetitive strength (modified BURPE-test in 20 seconds), balance (position on one leg with their eyes closed) and tests of coordination (polygon backwards and side steps). After three months of experimental treatment, it can be concluded that generally, it did not come to the statistically significant influence on quantitative and qualitative changes. Such gained results show that rhythmic gymnastics belongs to the group of very complex aesthetic-coordination sports in which training and sports preparation imply long-term work with subsequently visible effects. Because of the specific demands in terms of conduction of specific motor movements, it is also necessary to possess a high degree of development of basic motor abilities. Significant differences were gained in balance tests, and partial differences in tests of mobility, repetitive strength and coordination.

364-369

Authors: Jadranka Kocić, Sonja Antonijević

The expansion of basketball game, just like up-to-date sports results represent the stimulus for further fundamental researches in the aim of improvement scientific and methodological basis of a training work and all other factors connected to the improvement of a training process and top sports creativity. The research was conducted with the aim to determine the specifics of motor abilities in basketball players of the junior rank of competition. All the examinees were male, 16 (+/-6 months) years old, 132 in total, all of them were basketball players of the basketball club ”Student” from Nis. The batery of tests for the evaluation of motor abilities included tests for the evaluation of coordination, strength (explosive, repetitive and static), flexibility and stamina and it consisted of 13 motor tests in total.The gained results were processed by the program system for multivariant analysis of data, especially made by Popovic D. for personal computers. The gained results are shown in tables and they give insight into the structure of latent dimensions of basketball players. The motor structure of basketball players is explained by 72.3% of common variance. From the matrix of intercorrelations, four main components were gained. The fist defines tests of static strength, flexibility and repetitive strength; the second is saturated by the test for the evaluation of explosive strength, balance and two tests for the evaluation of repetitive strength. The third is the best explained by the test for the evaluation of balance, flexibility and coordination. The fourth main component is defined by explosive strength. Then, the rotation of components into the oblimin solution is conducted and some better structure of latent dimensions is gained that way. In basketball and other popular sports games in our country, scientific and expert methods and possibilities of scientific fundation of the trainig work are very slowly but surely accepted.The trend of constant improvement and promotion of better competition results never stops. Taking into account that this research is limited to the space of motorics, we emphasize that for the achievement of success in basketball game, beside the examined space, it is also necessary to percieve other segments of anthropological status of players.

377-379

Authors: Selim Alili, Ćamil Elmazi

A survey of seven questions was conducted with 126 school students (68 male and 58 female), aged 16, from Tetovo, to establish the students’ attitude about swimming classes. The male students present a higher percentage of positive feeling about swimming as compared to the percentage of the female students.

389-397

Authors: Slobodan Andrašić,Milan Cvetković, Damjan Jakšić, Dejan Orlić

The results of this study indicate that goalkeepers, most of the time, played out in areas below 150 bpm/min. Players spend approximately 45 minutes in the zones over 150 bpm/min. In order to adequately meet the demands of players, playing in these pulse areas, fundamental principle in soccer players training have to be stimulation of anaerobic energy sources, lactate and alactate. Unlike them, among goalkeepers aerobic energy and anaerobic alactate-CP mechanism are dominant.

405-411

Authors: Кеnan Аsani

The aim is to establish intergroup multivariant and univariant investigated differences in anthropometric space between respondents juniors and seniors members of the Macedonian karate team. The sample of 30 male karate respondents covers juniors on 16,17 and seniors over 18 years.In the research were applied 17 anthropometric measurements. Based on Graph 1 where it is presented multivariant and univariant analysis of variance Manova and Anova can be noted that respondents juniors and seniors, although not belonging to the same population are not different in multivariant understudied area. W. lambda of .42, Rao-wool R - approximation of .96, degrees of freedom df 1 = 17 and df 2 = 12 given level of significance of p = 54. Based on univariant analysis for each variable separately can be seen that has been around intergroup statistically significant difference in four AVNT (body height), ATNT (body weight), AONK (upper knee volume), and AONL (volume of upper arm)of seventeen applied manifest variables. There are no intergroup differences in multivariant investigated anthropometric space between respondents juniors and seniors members of the Macedonian karate team. Based on univariant analysis for each variable separately can be seen around intergroup statistically significant difference in four AVNT (body height), ATNT (body weight), AONK (upper knee volume), and AONL (volume of upper arm) of seventeen applied manifest variables.

420-425

Authors: Vladimir Milošević, Adam Petrović,Nikola Stevanović

Personal interests carry a great potential and are usually a drive to act. Therefore they usually point towards the activity of an individual in his interest area. An insight into the position of the interest in sports and recreation among other interests can be obtained by inspecting the interests of 7th grade elementary school students from Sremska Mitrovica and Jagodina. The sample consisted of 736 7th grade elementary school students of both genders. A non-experimental study of the students’ interests was done using a questionnaire that consisted of 5 interest indicators: job preference, self-estimation of affinity, use of free time, direct self-estimation of interests and reaction to key words-stimuli. Each indicator had 30 items that asses 30 interests. A t test was used to inspect the level of interest in sports and recreation. Also, factor analysis was done for each indicator separately. The reason for this approach is that there is no real confirmation that these 5 indicators are well suited for assessing the interests of young persons in the time we live in. Students’ interest in sports and recreation is about 4 on the scale of 1 to 5, on each of the indicators. The data shows that the interest of 7th grade elementary school students in sports and recreation is closely linked to interest in military, these two interests belong to the same factor regardless of the way the interests are assessed, that is, they belong to the same factor on each of the 5 indicators. The interest in adventure belongs to the same factor as the interest in sports and recreation on 4 out of 5 indicators, and interest in humor, interest in travel and hedonistic interest on 3 out of 5 indicators. These results might indicate that the motives for engaging in sports and recreation are unstable, because this composition of relatedness of the interests can be interpreted as the factor of fun. If that is so, these findings alert to the importance of building a system of human values in which the physical education, taken in a broader sense, will have a significant place. A high level of students’ interest in sports and education is a good starting point for reflecting upon the practice in the system of physical education and the system of sports of young persons. However, we must bear in mind the structure of interests. Professionals in the physical education area are obligated by the interests’ value orientation to positively influence the youth.

432-435

Authors: Dragana Aleksic,Sladjana Stankovic,Vesko Milenkovic

Balance is, in this work, important to three different balances: elementary balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position at minimal lean area, visual difficult balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position without visual control, and dynamic difficult balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position with center of gravity above the lean area, in spite of external forces difficulties. The battery for the evaluation of balance consists of three following tests: MPSG, MHNG, MSJN. During the 2005/06 academic year, a research was conducted so as to determine the effects of rhythmic gymnastics` program of physical education teaching on balance of female pupils. The subjects (N=99) were classified in experimental and control groups. At the beginning of the academic year, initial (first) measurement was performed, followed by experimental final (second) measurement at the end of experiment. Research data was processed using the multi-variant procedures MANCOVA, MANOVA, and mono-variant procedures ANCOVA, ANOVA i interval of entrust in distinction declined mean. After the experimental treatment, it was concluded that there are significant differences between female pupils in experimental and control groups i interest of experimental group evaluation of balance. The basic conclusion is that the female pupils of experimental group achieved significantly higher teaching effects than the control group, in view of partly increased motor abilities, being the result of the effects of the experimental treatment, as well as other external and internal factors. The main conclusion was that experimental treatment contributed better results in balance estimation tests in female pupils experimental group.

441-446

Authors: Dragan Milanović, Dinko Vuleta, Sanja Tomašević

One of the main research areas in handball is determining the characteristics of training status of female handball players. The analyzed differences among female handball players of different age point to a special problem: the indicators of training status of younger players show the lack of preparedness. Once the differences in training status between these two groups of players are determined, a training program for increasing the training status of the younger group can be developed. The main objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of preparedness of female senior and cadet handball players of the national team first, and then to determine the differences in the indicators of physical conditioning status between these two groups. This study is done on the sample of two groups of female handball players: 16 senior national team players and 15 cadet national team players. The players are of different age categories and different playing experience but have qualified for the national team and produced outstanding sports results. The variables of this study are 5 tests of basic motor abilities: 300 yards shuttle run (MBI300Y), standing long jump (MESSDM), medicine ball throwing of 3 kg (MESBML3), sit and reach (MFLSAR) and sit-ups in 60 s (MRSPT6). The results of the multivariate analysis of variance show that, according to the statistical data , the two groups significantly differ in the variables for valuing the basic motor abilities. The univariate analysis of variance shows that in tests for estimating explosive power there are statistically significant differences to the benefit of senior female handball national team players e.g. medicine ball throwing of 3 kg (MESBML3), sit and reach (MFLSAR) and sit-ups in 60 s (MRSPT6). The results point out to the fact that female cadet handball players have a lower level of throwing power, flexibility and muscular endurance than female senior handball players. This implicates the need for further development of deficit abilities of cadet players with a well-developed strength and conditioning program over a short and long period.

454-460

Authors: Dimitar Trendafilov, Bistra Dimitrova

In a nutshell SPA is something old and good, but nowadays enriched with the miraculous impact of the water culture and aqua practices. But in our opinion is very important to know that the SPA is the health prevention of a healthy people for their recovery from social and professional everyday stress. In most European countries and it became another kind of SPA effects called a short - Medical SPA. Our working hypothesis is based on the assumption that the development of modules for practicing aquaspinning will allow to optimize the proposed relaxing and procreative prevention programs and promoting the health and beauty. The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of the effects aquaspinning through the application of current methods of prevention and health promotion.

467-473

Authors: Petya Kutincheva, Bistra Dimitrova

Implemented was a psychometric experiment for survey the opinion of the leading experts from the 4 and 5 stars hotels and the first SPA certified MSc - SPA managers. The summarized results from the study highlight that the priorities are related to improve the quality of the services in the SPA business. We establish the acute need for increasing professional qualification of the personnel and harmonize the Bulgarian legislation with the EU directives. In this regard it is important to implement the national classificatory with new professions and unified for this purpose the theoretical categories: “Results of advanced training", "knowledge", "practical skills" and "competencies" in educational and qualification degree: “Bachelor", "MasterSc" and "PhD ".

479-483

Authors: Milan Čoh, Milan Žvan, Stojan Burnik

The aim of the study was to analyse kinematic and dynamic parameters of elastic force of elite women triple jumpers. The elastic force, in combination with horizontal velocity, is the most important factor of success in a triple jump. To establish the elastic force we conducted a biomechanical analysis, using drop jumps from the heights of 25 and 45 cm. The basic kinematic and dynamic parameters were registered using the Kistler Type 9286 bipedal force platform which had been synchronised with a 3D infra-red kinematic system CCD Smart – 600 E. Based on kinematic and dynamic analysis we can establish that the results in drop jumps are generated by the following variables: jump height, contact time, vertical velocity of takeoff, force impulse and the eccentric phase.

493-500

Authors: Goran Vučković, Raša Dimitrijević

Well-designed and implemented selection is one of the important prerequisites for achieving the expected results in the modern competitive sport at all levels. The aim of this work was to determine how the selection was made for Serbian League players, on the basis of their certain motor parameters and the positions in the team. A sample of 25 senior players of a football team competing in the Serbian League is divided into four sub-samples, based on team positions. For assessment of motor characteristics following tests were used: long jump (LJ), Abalac test (AT); 10 seconds push-ups (PU), 30 seconds trunk bends (TB), 20 meter flying start running (20FSR), 20 meter high start running (20HSR), 50 meter high start running (50HSR) and Cooper test (CT) . Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that there are significant differences for variable 20FSR and variable CT (F = 3754, 9835, p = .027, .000, respectively). Three canonical discriminant functions were singled out, where the first explained even 84.6%, the second 14.5% and the third only 1% of the total variance, or in summary first two functions explained 99.0% of the variance. It can be concluded that the selected players, in terms of the position in the team, distinguished first by performing on the Cooper test, followed by the result of 20 meter flying start running, 20 meter high start running, 50 meter high start running, trunk bends, and finally by Abalac test, push-ups and long jump. Observed as a function of certain motor characteristics, it could be concluded that in the selection of players in terms of the playing position confidence level was 72.0% in general level, with the most reliable for goalkeepers (100%), midfielders (71.4%) and defensive players (70.0%), while the smallest was at strikers (50%).

507-512

Authors: Osman Lačić,Danilo Bojanić,Miloš Ilić

One of the important features of any science is synthesis of information and one of the forms of synthesis is the synthesis of information about the entities.Taxonomic analysis used for clustering and classification of the sample students examined in this study was based on their morphological characteristics. The study sample in this research represents a fifth and sixth-grade elementary school children with a number of 54 entities that do not have interference in the curricula of physical education. The morphological space is presented with 9 variables that close topographic body structure and consider important in implementation of complex requests, a choice is made on the basis of past experience and research of the similar problems.

522-529

Authors: Jovica Petković, Aldijana Muratović

Mountaineering and everything that is connected with it is a sport with controlled risk. Mountaineers, alpinists, climbers, cavers and all the others who visit and sojourn in mountains are faced with many risks and dangers, which are caused by nature and also by their own mistakes. The dangers in the mountains, like dangers in any other environment, are mainly predictable, so it is best to deal with them with good estimation, knowledge and skill. One has to be aware of his surroundings – the mountain, to respect it and to know what is dangerous and how much it is dangerous at any moment. The organization of the mountaineering expeditions and leadership perhaps represent the highest level of security control. To develop skills for organizing and leading a group means to ensure the safety of the entire group – to work preventively at the level of the entire group, not only at the level of an individual. The success of the entire group as well as safety depends on the organization and leadership.

542-546

Authors: Mirsad Ademović

This study was designed in order to identify, in two different points of time, changes in morphological characteristics of (80) pupils of grammar school aged 16 years (+ - 6 months), under the influence of the programmed work that would encompass basketball practice. A set of 12 anthropometric measurements were applied. The discriminative parametric procedure T-test for dependent samples was applied in the area of comparative statistics for determining the statistic differences in the variables used between the initial and final state. Significant positive quantitative and qualitative changes in most of the variables were identified in the final state compared to the initial.

554-560

Authors: Lulzim Ibri,Sylejman Shala

In sample from 80 young judo athletes aged from 16-17 year, was applied the system a total of 18 variables, of which 10 are morphologic characteristic and 8 motoric abilities variables, with a purpose to determinate mutual report between each other, while the information were analyzed by using canonical correlation analysis. With case of authentication statistically important relation was achieve one pair of canonical correlations statistically important. In morphologic variables field the canonical factor is interpreted in first canonical structure is the consists of variables: adipose tissue under skin of stomach (ATST), adipose tissue under skin of triceps (ATTR), adipose tissue under skin of biceps (ATBI), adipose tissue under skin of sub scapulars (ATSS), adipose tissue under skin of sub iliac a (ATSI) and adipose tissue under skin of list (ATSL), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of adipose tissue:And second structure of canonical factors of anthropometric characteristics is the consists of variables: body length: body length (LEBO), length of the leg (LELE) and length of the arm (LEAR), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of longitudinal dimensionality. The first structure of canonical factors in motoric variables is can not be interpreted because of low values of motor variables, while second structure of canonical factors of motoric abilities is the consists of variables: squeeze palm (SQPA), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of strong factor in palm. Based on structure analysis of matrix results of canonical factors results were shown that to young judo athletes of this age exist statistically valid correlations between canonical factor of anthropometric variables and canonical factor of variables to motoric abilities which is (Rc=77) that is statistically valid in level (P=00).

568-573

Authors: Dragan Toskić, Ljubiša Lilić,Lazar Toskić

The aim of our research was to determine the connection between morphologic characteristics and motor abilities of young water polo players. The sample of participants for this research can be defined as the population of water polo swimmers (N=60) aged 16 to 18, who were only included in the study under the condition that they have taken part in the water polo training process for a period of at least four years. In order to evaluate morphological characteristics of the participants we used 20 anthropometric variables (IBP) to evaluated longitudinal and transversal dimenions, mass and body voluminosity and subcutaneous fatty tissue. In this study, the measurings of the significant motor dimensions were carried by means of the following measuring instruments which the authors (Gredelj, Hošek, Metikoš, Momirović, 1975) had previously evaluated with the help of physiological mechanisms: the integration factor, based on the mechanism for movement structure (MSK), the synergistic automatism and tonus regulation factor (SRT); the factor for excitation intensity regulation (RIE); the excitation duration regulation factor (RTE). The relations between morphological and motor dimensions were determined using a canonical correlation analysis. A correlation analysis was carried out and it indicated a very high correlation between dimesions morphological characteristics and motor abilities of young water polo players.

580-583

Authors: Zulfo Aruković

The aim of this istraživanjua is identifying the canonical correlation between two multidimensional space, the space of morphological characteristics and basic motor skills room, basketball od12 to 14 years of success on the result of situational- motor tests of basketball games. The study was conducted on a sample of 70 players.

590-602

Authors: Pavel Opavsky

Approach to viewing man as a complex bio-psycho-social being requires multidisciplinary content. The man definitively will never be able to get to know himself, because it there are a lot changes inside him from moment to moment, in both the somatic and the psychic segment. Teacher (trainer), which manages the development of the future man, has to approach to the task on the multidisciplinary basis. Since we are working with children in the period of growing up, every mistake is a potential tragedy. Teacher (coach) needs to know the performance of all subjects whose development he controls. In this study, discussion of development is primarily related to the somatic part. The dark side of civilization is called adaptation of inactivity. The lack of over the limit mobility causes atrophy, while atrophy means premature aging, short life and chronically sick. Axiom that over the limit physical strain is the "virus" of health that can recognize and non-professionals too, to determine how they look like and what can do those who do exercise, compared to those who do not exercise. In particular, the human species because of the genetic heritage, can markedly improve their bio-motoric status.

609-615

Authors: Miodrag Koprivica

Sport Management is, without doubt, a modern, practical but at the same time scientific and theoretical trend. Starting with the definition of the word „event“ as an activity that is limited in terms of time, place and a number of participants who gather together with a certain agenda in their mind, an unbreakable connection between it and sport has been made. Risks that appear in this branch of industry of sport are multiple, hardly foreseeable, and with possible long-term consequences. Precisely for that reason, it is important to provide the answers to the questions of what the crisis and crisis management in sport management are, and to establish the processes and stages of risk management.

623-628

Authors: Rade Stefanović

Human muscular system has a large number of innate slow contractile fibres which means that increase of oxygen absorption level can be achieved by adequate training. An athlete who is very good at performing activities which take endurance as well as at explosive strength activities, represents an ideal middle-distance runner who has rather even relation of both types of muscle fibres. This explains why a talented runner such as Steve Ovet achieved much better results than contemporary runners on middle-distance tracks. Besides, there are also some other things which are necessary: a healthy and strong heart, large capacity of lungs, optimal body proportions, basic speed improvement, development of good running techniques as well as improvement of oxygen absorption with improvement of tolerance for lack of oxygen. Mutual dependence of aerobic and anaerobic processes in running disciplines is different, what can be seen from the tables. However, it does not necessarily mean that tabular processes represent relations which should be observed in relation to length and load of training.

636-645

Authors: Danijela Kuna

With the aim of forming an expert model of the most important operators for basic ski turn teaching in ski schools, an experiment was conducted on a sample of 20 ski experts from different countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia). From the group of the most commonly used operators for teaching basic ski turn the experts picked the 6 most important: uphill turn and jumping into snowplough, basic turn with hand sideways, basic turn with clapping, ski poles in front, ski poles on neck, uphill turn with active ski guiding. Afterwards, ranking and selection of the most efficient operators was carried out. Due to the set aim of research, a Chi square test was used, as well as the differences between frequencies of chosen operators, differences between values of the most important operators and differences between experts due to their nationality. Statistically significant differences were noticed between frequencies of chosen operators (χ2= 24.61; p=0.01), while differences between values of the most important operators were not obvious (χ2= 1.94; p=0.91). Meanwhile, the differences between experts concerning thier nationality were only noticeable in the expert evaluation of ski poles on neck operator (χ2=7.83; p=0.02). Results of current research are reflected in obtaining useful information about methodological priciples of learning basic ski turn organization in ski schools.

651-658

Authors: Abedin Ibrahimi,Vildane Jashari,Ismajl Jashari

In this paper are presented the emperical results of verification of factors that affect students success of high schools in Kosova. It’s presented metodology of research and are given all results preliminary of anlalysis to all variables,in which the research is based. In this group of factors entered also physical activity and sport,and neither all circumstancers socio-economic wher live the all tested people.