Sport Mont

9-16

Authors: Blažo Jabučanin,Đordje Đurović

The subject of the evolution and development of skiing techniques is attention directed to the development of skiing and specific techniques in the world and Montenegro. Aim of this study indicate the need for skiing in the modern era show potential customers and show the evolution and development of skiing technique at simple and attractive way. Work tasks are to present and process evolution skiing in the world and in Montenegro, and to show the evolution of development and processing at following techniques: Lilenfeld’s skiing priest, arlbertus technique, then a French rotary techniques, techniques with the opposite of body avelman techniques, jet technique, a leap of techniques and modern technology with carving skiing ski. During the preparation of this paper is a used descriptive method in consultation with the professional literature, whose success is very beneficial effect authors’ personal experience as a result of time spent in the aforementioned sports. It is also used as an analytical method and comparative method that is most productive in the conclusion of a phenomenon.

28-35

Authors: Kosta Goranović

Diagnostics of anaerobic threshold as one of fundamentally important parameters for aerobic endurance estimation was done in research on model of 80 examinees, special police officers, as well as representatives of policemen population age from 20 to 25. Aim of the research was estimation of aerobic endurance of two groups of examinees on the base of diagnosed value of anaerobic threshold i.e. determination of difference in measured potential space. The research results have indicated to lack of statistically important difference between two groups of examinees as well as to unaccep-table level of aerobic endurance’ development. From the aspect of practical training process control, the research results are indicator to instructor team for need of practical training process’ content correction, in the am of aerobic endurance improvement. Anaerobic threshold’ diagnostics with measuring instruments in terrain conditions is one of the methods, which can be in function of aerobic endurance estimation of special police officers, taking into account specificity of their practical training process.

46-52

Authors: Dragan Radovanović,Stevo Popović,

The aim of this study is to explain in the best way possible the nature and significance of basic hand strokes in modern karate and the importance of their sensible application in combat as a means of achieving greater effectiveness. The object of the study is a theoretical demonstration of elementary techniques of performing basic hand strokes fit for use in combat with special attention to their practical application. The subject matter itself requires the use of a descriptive method. The paper will give a brief summary of the development of karate in our country and abroad, as well as a concise overview of the key principles of practicing karate techniques upon which the philosophy of karate as a martial art and sports discipline is based. The paper will also provide a systematization of hand techniques which are based on elementary hand strokes used most commonly owing to their effectiveness and practicability in karate combat, just one of the disciplines of modern karate.

59-67

Authors: Nina Đukanović, Aleksandra Ražnatović, Zorica Babić,

The use of prohibited substances and methods is not linked only to supreme sportsmanship, but to an ever increasing degree to amateurs and recreationists. The fundamental reason behind this use is the increase of physical performances, that is, achieving better results and accomplishment of ever bigger feats. Unfortunately, such use of doping substances also leads to undesired effects, among which, of course, the cardiovascular ones are the most perilous, often ending in fatalities. It has been proved that, as a consequence of doping, through various mechanisms of its impact, the following complications may ensue: lipid profile, thrombosis, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac deaths.

74-82

Authors: Rusmir Mrković, Munir Talović, Midhat Mekić, Eldin Jelešković, Haris Alić,

The aim of this research is to establish a relation in-between the basic physical capabilities and the theoretic knowledge laws of the game with the success in refereeing of football referees of the Sarajevo Canton. The population from which samples were taken are football referees of the Sarajevo Canton, 90 of them, age span from 18- 45 years of age and who have met the criteria for getting a license to be referees in football matches in the next season at all levels of competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The sample of variables in this research covers areas of basic motorics (18), theoretic knowledge laws of the games (17) and the estimate of success in refereeing in football games (7) variables. The results of the final analysis show that the whole system of variables which in this research represent basic physical capabilities and the knowledge Laws of the game by the football referees of the Sarajevo Canton has a statistical connection with the system of variables which in this research makes the success of refereeing of football referees. Since football is an activity that has almost the most complexity (referees are a part of football), we can say that the selected system of variables has a relatively good connection for success and that these variables are very important in order for one referee to perform his task as good as possible at one match.. Of course during the training process attention should be given on the development of all basic physical capabilities, and not only one dimension of the physical area because in general we have to be physically and cognitively be present in order to finish the game at a high rhythm but making mistakes the least as possible.

90-96

Authors: Nebojša Čokorilo, Milena Mikalački, Darinka Korovljev

Facility for exercising with weights, popularly called 'the gym'', is, in the opinion of majority of women, a place designed for men, a facility adapted to their needs. Also, they have a fear of losing their feminine characteristics, by increasing the muscular volume. In a word, they are afraid of effects opposite to those they expect to achieve with regular physical exercising. It is necessary to evade the “blind” copying of the trainings made exclusively for men onto women. On the other hand, when it is measured in terms force/cm², the area of cross-section, the muscle a woman can achieve almost the same maximal force as man’s muscle – which is 3 and 4 kg/cm². Because of that, the greatest difference in total quality of muscles lies in additional percentages of the muscles of the male body, which is explained with endocrinal differences. Hormone differences between men and women are certainly the underlying cause of majority, if not, all differences in sport abilities. This model of exercising with weights and simulators was made taking into account the specific features of female exercising. Exercising is performed in the zone of the mid-load. Mid-load is calculated by defining the weight of the “load” for each exercise and examinee separately. Load varied within the range of 45% to 70% of the maximal one (under the term maximal, we mean maximal load that a gymnast manages to cope, making a specific move which is achieved by one repetition only). In the very beginning, and if we work with the total beginners, application of such way of load measuring is not recommendable, because some unfavourable effects might be caused. Due to that, such way of load calculating is delayed for the second month, while for the first month and based on the body value, each gymnast gets the weight 30% - 50% of load of her body weight. It all depends on their initial ability as well as the type of each specific exercise. The aim is to adjust the load to the extent at which each gymnast will be able to complete the given exercises, without stopping before the completion of the series. The program of exercising was applied three times under the same conditions, and gave good results in reduction of the fat tissue and increase of power within female population

104-110

Authors: Živorad Marković,Dragoljub Višnjić,Dragan Martinović,Zoran Bogdanović,

The goal of this research was to determine the influence of material-technical conditions on speed evaluation of female students in lower primery school grades, in the conditions of most frequent floors (grass, asphalt, parquet). The research was realized in primary school “Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj” in Svilajnac, republic of Serbia in the first term of 2009/2010 school year. The sample consisted of 45 female students in fourth grade of primary school. The speed of female students was evaluated by the use of two standardized movement tasks: a 30 meter running from high start and shuttle running 3x10 meters. For the evaluation of the results the following methods were used: descriptive statistics, multivariant analysis of the variance, discriminative analysis and univariant analysis of the variance. The results indicate statistically significant differences of the results of female students for both researched variables in relation to the floor. The results enable more adequate planning and content realization of physical education in lower grades of primary school.

119-122

Authors: Derviš Selhanović

Modern social structures of Montenegro exist in a hypercomplex and very dynamic environment. The complexity and dynamism are, in part, a consequence of the general characteristics of the modern age, and in part, of the transition processes which have affected the Montenegrin society. The transition processes are taking place at all levels and subsystems of the community, and its sociological milieu is facing inevitability of adaptation and immersion in such processes and trends. There is no more positive promotion for a country than a sports promotion. There is no expert team, public relations agency or a lawyer than can win Montenegro a front page. We can talk about the importance of sports for the promotion of Montenegro from another point of view. If we compare the number of occurrences of names of the selected Montenegrin athletes with that of politicians, scientists or artists in different internet search engines, we will realize how great is the capacity of marketing potential that lies in Montenegrin sports and top athletes as representatives of the products and services with the label - Made in Montenegro. In addition to the success of the Montenegrin athletes globally, the promotion of Montenegro through sports is directly contributed by the major sporting events and contests, on account of which Montenegro presented itself not only as an excellent host and organizer, but also demonstrated the remarkable state and marketing capabilities and competencies. Reputation (image) is not achieved overnight. Its semiological and symbolic charge includes all (visual, vocal, environmental, personal, active) inputs, which need to be channelled and created. Indeed, continual work in creating and maintaining the image of Montenegro is a public relations function. With efficiently and professionally developed media and PR strategy, the modern state of Montenegro may expect to favourably position its image at the international scene, and to present its sports potentials in the affirmative sense. Naturally, this will be done through a methodology that will be specially adapted to the social and economic, political, and sports particularities of Montenegro.

132-137

Authors: Georgi Georgiev

The research is conducted on 70 male pupils in Skopje in order to examine and determine the changes of anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities. They have been measured for four times aech (in the V-th, VI-th, VII-th, and VIII-th degree of the primary school) with four (4) anthropometrics measures and eight (8) motor tests. The obtained data is manipulated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Student’s t-test of dependent examples. The obtained results point at some quantitative changes. Some other factors apart, these changes can be said to have been induced by the proper organisation and realisation of the physical education class, which is three times weekly on the curriculum.

147-158

Authors: Naid Kadušić, Muhedin Hodžić,Alem Kukić

Sports psychology, motivation and philosophy are integral part of every team. They make progress in training and contest possible. Psychology helps us to control the mind and body of a player in order to give optimum sporting performance. It is crucial to know how to motivate a player, as well as a team, since a team takes all credits for winning. A special care needs to be taken into account when it comes to preferences, ideas, emotions of players, a team and a coach, of course. There is sports philosphy also, which includes goal setting, behavioural characteristics at the moments of failure, as well as taking into account when, where and at what point to use the philosophy for winning.

166-170

Authors: Ismail Selimović,Mehmeti Ejup

This study was conducted on a sample of 100 boys aged 12-14 years, members of Sarajevo soccer school teams; FK "ŽELJEZNIČAR", FK "SARAJEVO", FK "NOVI GRAD" and FK "BOSNA". As a predictive variable system, the 17 variables of basic motor skills were applied, and criteria variable was the level of motor control knowledge of ball dribble in football. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of multiple and partial basic motor abilities on the ball dribbling results. Results of regression analysis showed that the significance of mutual influence and prediction criteria system was p <0.01. Variables for general endurance assessment and variable for agility assessment showed statistically significant positive partial correlation coefficients. The explosive strength assessment variable had a statistically significant partial correlation coefficient, but a statistically significant negative partial correlation coefficient was noticed with the flexibility assessment variable.

180-185

Authors: Dževad Džibrić, Zumreta Nožinović, Edin Mujanović, Jasmin Bilalić

One of the risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease is overweight. Body mass index presents approximate indicator of nutritional status. The aim of this research is to determine effects of physical and health education on the values of body mass index between initial and final measuring within three groups of male respondents, age of 8 ± 6 months. The research included 128 boys, divided in two experimental and one control group. According to obtained arithmetic mean results in applied variables in the beginning and at the end of implemented programs of physical education, as well as according to changes significance tested with T-test for dependent samples it is obvious that programs resulted with significant partial effects in experimental respondent groups

193-199

Authors: Dževad Džibrić, Haris Pojskić,Vahid Dedić,Fahrudin Aščić

The goal of this research was to determine differences between the groups before and after implementation of experimental program of physical and health education. For this research we tested girls in a third grade of Elementary school. In this research we included 153 female pupils and they were divided in two experimental and one control group. In this research we applied nine basic motor and two functional variables in the beginning and at the end of the first half of a school year. According to the results obtained by multivariate variance analysis we can conclude that implementation of experimental program resulted with statistically significant changes in almost all measuring and all of them in favor of experimental groups

209-214

Authors: Svetlana Mihić

Globalization, a phenomenon on the rise, is characterized by the free cross-border movement of individuals, technologies, and capital. It has far-reaching consequences for tourism, too, as it implies travel for leisure and business, and correspondingly, financial transfers between various nation states.International tourism is an economical activity which generates global revenues of approximately 733 billion USD. The arrivals from the international tourism have set an actual record, according to the WTO, there have been 846 million tourists, the little part of that cake belongs to Serbia. Furthermore good tourism industry is a highly labour intensive industry and focus has been on tourism workforce. Permanent education through modern programs of education like distance learning, or the others offer solutions for problems on labor market in tourism which are result of the world economy crises, and transition in business environment of Serbia. Further research is needed to investigate this issue in more detail and on an individual basis for each marketing strategy to gain more detailed and meaningful results which should help to form specific marketing strategies for each tourism labor market.

219-223

Authors: Sabolč Halaši

In the framework of my final thesis “The attitude of pupils towards the values of football at the elementary school in Mali Iđoš” an inquiry was made among children from fifth to eighth grade. In the inquiry 128 pupils were involved; the research was done at “Ady Endre” Elementary School in Mali Iđoš, in May 2006. In the research systematic non-experimental method was applied, from the experimental techniques questionnaire and scaling was used. As a tool of inquiry the closed type of questionnaire was applied and the descriptive type of the valuation scale. The topic of the research is very significant both from social and from scientific aspects. From the wide social point of view the results could contribute to the success of the future actions that have the aims to improve the propagation of football between children and adults. From scientifical aspect there is a need to study the relation between sociocultural acts and sport activities of children in a more direct way. In relation to the same researches, with the data of this research, it is possible to ensure prerequisites for better and more successful work with children on the field of football education.

230-234

Authors: Vukašin Badža, Dalibor Sudar

The research is trying to give an answer on a question whether the training process which lasted two years influenced on development of exsplosive strenght of legs (one of basic psysical abilities) at pioneer basketball players. The sample in a research are basketball players from „Danubius - Vojvodina Srbijagas” team, from Novi Sad. The group counts 20 players who participated in training process and on who measuring was conducted. Data were collected per two years, and measuring were exert three times during this period. Tests that were used in this research are: long jump, high jump and running 20m. The obtained data will be processed statistically, using ANOVA for repeated measures and descriptive statistics. Research results will be represented in tables and discussed in text

244-248

Authors: Izet Kahrović, Benin Murić, Oliver Radenković

This research was conducted with the aim to define differences in morphological characteristics between boxers and non/athletes of the same age. Sample encompassed 120 subjects having 60 students non/athletes and 60 students actively engaged in sports. For the evaluation of morphological characteristics there were conducted 12 measuring instruments. Testing of the posted hypotheses was performed on the basis of statistical data. The obtained results of this research in anthropometric area have shown that there is statistically significant difference between selected boxers and students not going in for box. This difference is defined by significantly better values and results in anthropometric measures that could be influenced in training activities these being /skin fold thickness and scopes, all in favour of selected boxers.

254-259

Authors: Goran Vučković,Milivoj Dopsaj

The purpose of this paper is to establish how young female handball players are selected in the Republic of Serbia on the basis of basic anthropomorphological indicators and what the relation between the anthropomorphological characteristics and the position within the team is. The sample of 57 selected handball players aged up to 14 was divided into 4 sub-samples, with respects to their positions within the team. Their basic anthropomorphological characteristics were measured – body mass (BM), body height (BH) and the respective body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each of them. The obtained results suggest that there were statistically significant differences with respect to the observed variables (BM, BH and BMI) for all the observed positions: F = 6.335; 8.424; 3.676, p = .001; .000; .018, respectively. Three canonical discriminative functions were singled out, the first two being of statistical significance, with the first one explaining 66.0% of the total variance and the second accounting for 31.1%, which means that together they explained 97.3% of the variance. The aforemetnioned implied that there were differences in the height among the selected handball players with respect to their positions on the team, which also applied to their weight, and lastly to the body mass index. The results of our observation showed that the players in the wing position were the shortest and had the lowest body mass, whereas the pivot position players were the tallest, had the highest body mass and the highest BMI, the lowest BMI being characteristic of backcourt players. With respect to the age group (up to 14 years of age) and from the aspect of the function of basic anthropomorphological characteristics (BM, BH, and BMI) it can be generally concluded that the selection of players with respect to the position was performed with the reliablity rate of 52.6% and that it was the most reliable for the position of backcourt players (69.2%), then wings (66.7%), whereas for the pivot position it was only 25.0% and as low as 0% for the position of the goalkeeper.

266-273

Authors: Ratko Pavlović,Nataša Branković, Aleksandar Raković

According a previos knowledge about a polidimensional structure of morphological space of human body, with possibility variation of number of latent dimensions, this research was made with the goal confirmation of polidimensional structure anthropometric characteristics fifteen years old pupils. The factor analysis extracted two main components from 18 manifest morphological variables. On this way it was confirmed that morphological structure of children and adults is unequal. There is assumption, the intensive process of growth of children is main reason of unequal structure. Also, this characteristic is elementary difference between children and adults.

280-285

Authors: Goran Vučković,Dragan Radovanović

This paper aims to obtain new and relevant insights into the significant differences in morphological status between high school sportsmen and non-sportsmen. The sample of respondents will include approximately 90 male high school students divided into two subsamples. The first subsample will comprise 45 respondents who, besides being actively involved in curricular activities in Physical Education classes, regularly take part in a sports activity outside school, whereas the second sample will consist of 45 students whose active participation in sports is restricted to Physical Education classes. The sample of variables will contain a list of 20 anthropometrical measurements used to determine longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality, body mass and volume, as well as sub-skin fatty tissue: body height and weight, diameters of elbow, wrist, knee and ankle, minimum and maximum diameters of forearm, upper arm, thigh and lower leg and skinfold thickness on forearm, upper arm, thigh, lower leg, chest and stomach. The anthropometrical research will be conducted according to the standards of the International Biological Program (IBP) and the basic principles and rules concerning parameter selection, standard measurement conditions and techniques as well as standard measuring instruments, properly calibrated prior to measurement. The raw measurement data collected in this research will be subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the purpose of acquiring scientific knowledge on the important differences in morphological status between high school sportsmen and non-sportsmen.

292-297

Authors: Admira Koničanin,Danilo Aćimović, Omer Špirtović,

Hold body is a basic requirement of good healtn.Example this work stems from the need to play with the application and practice in preschool age. In preschoolers often comes to the appearance deformiteta.Combination games and exercises correction kifoz aim to alleviate and assist in removing the deformity in preschool agr.The paper aims to serve educators in working with children who have kifoz.

305-310

Authors: Vladimir Vuksanović

This particular research is analyzing the changes of the maximal muscle power in the elbow joint, as well as the anthropometrical measures and biomechanical variable. The program for exercising performed in this research has a longitudinal character with duration of 6 weeks and two check points. This program was performed on 17 adolescents. Participant had a task do power exercises on Scot’s bench, with individual weights using the matrix method (modified amplitude of movement) The analyses and result from the statistical operation (ANOVA’S/MANOVA’S) have shown positive changes at the participant’s maximal power (22,4%), also at the tested angular speed (70,1%) as well as it has shown decreasing of the local body fat of the involved arm for 16,6% after six weeks of program. The results are in favor of the program for transformation of motorics capabilities and they are directly focused of modification of power component.

316-320

Authors: Dejan Gligović,

In countries throughout holy, sport, recreation and plays promotes the health, spirit and the tenement. They us learns important lessons from the life about the respect, leadership and controls. They promote the equality for all and remove differences among men. Modern society now takes over the power and possibilities which has the sport, recreation and plays, carrying out him in programmes its national governments throughout holy. In this way, develops partnerships with all sectors and all levels of company, from governments, over holy sport to the civil society in all his diversity, in order to affirms value which breeds sport would not perform boys and girls on sports courts and sports grounds those would teach the Deco and their families about benefits of physical activities. In order to would come about like this ambitious and the significant project indispensable precondition is the strategic planning of development of sport on the specified area and in which has been joined in top-grade managers from different domains. Special attentions must dedicate execution is adopted strategies, because if is absent the direct application is adopted strategies, the per se selected strategy not did introduce herself the no progress.

327-335

Authors: Srećko Novaković 1 , Slobodan Živkucin

''Marketing mix'' along the term of life cycle has robbed the trademark for the conception of marketing and the market direction of company, corporations and institutions. Essence marketing-mixa is in the simultaneous determining of the target market group of consumer (the buyer) or stays the public and specially prepared and the coordinated impact of elements mixa, and this is the product, price, distributions and graduation ceremonies. Given that is mix combinations of verified variables, companies he use in order to would achieve are wished the scope sales on the target market. In the wider context significant influence of environment on the chosen structure marketing-mixa have not only technological, economic and competitive services already and socially-owned, legislative, legal and political services. From those reasons chant the marketing -mixa occasionally replaces expression are coordinated term acts on the market. Elements marketing-mix-and at sport marketings same are as well as at marketings every other activity. They contain the sportively product and the service, appreciate the sport product and services, distribution of sport product and services and the promotion of sport product and services.

342-348

Authors: Dragan Vukasović, Šemsudin Džeko

By inflations of balance paragraph are unrealistic because their value has been undervalued, and the size so is determined balance reserves gets the as product between found amounts and differences between the price on which stock of sports equipment registers and actual prices a day balancings. In this sense irrelevant are discussions about this do need apply the principle of FIRST-IN-FIRST-OUT, LIFO, NIFO, NIFO, or anybody other. Problem appears every time in the same way, those only set upasking the intensity, or size of balance reserve. Reality of balancings of stocks of sports equipment requires that such calculations create only then when compose the summary of assets and liabilities real. This means that balance locations have expressed on market prices which actual same day. However theoretical establishes this theses, they always join with high risks around defining the term of market price a day balancings. In any case there wherein are that possibly, balancing needs carry out in this way, even changes the principle of scope of lower number of locations of base materials which largest Meris have participated in the balance structure.

353-358

Authors: Dimitrije Rašović,Dejan Madić,Tomislav Okičić,Slavica Okičić,Vladan Petrović,

Nowdays, strength training important place because it belongs to the forces should ensure the formation of such physical fitness swimmers that would provide up to arrival of top sports achievements. Strength training should be planned and systematic work during the micro, mezo and macro cycle during many years of training plan. Preparation of land and water should be planned so that the exercises in a dry supplement and compensate for deficiencies of preparation that is done directly in the water.

373-377

Authors: Zoran Mašić,Filip Radotić,

This paper presents the development of synthetic substrates, as well as functional aspects. Information and analysis of synthetic football surface, with concise information about their performance. Presentation of the basic level of cost comparison between synthetic and natural grass. Also shown are the structural elements of the synthetic substrate and its producers.

384-389

Authors: Milica Radović,Ljiljana Fijat,

The first step in forming a market economy with privatization is necessary and radical changes in the institutional system. In the sport as well as any activities, privatization is a process of transformation of state ownership to private ownership in order to increase economic efficiency, utilization of available resources with the aim of encouraging economic development. The authors emphasize adoption as key institutional preconditions for the transformation of ownership in sports organizations, gives overview of various models of privatization in the surrounding countries. The aim of this paper is the analysis of potential problems, depending on the ownership structure, which is the result of the privatization process. Sports organizations should know in advance the advantages and disadvantages of different ownership structures, so that in the process of restructuring the chosen one that will ensure the realization of the priority goals.

395-401

Authors: Đorđe Mačvanin, Nenad Mačvanin

Menadžment revolucija je na površinu poslovnog sveta izbacila menadžere koji moraju imati moć podržanu znanjima, sposobnostima i ličnim osobinama. Proces umnožavanja novih multidisciplinarnih menadžment znanja i sposobnosti dinamičan je proces koji obezbeñuje autonoman razvitak svakog,slično samom mini rukometu koji je kao igra dinamican i borben i spreman uvek na nove izazove.Liderstvo počiva na viziji kako preživeti i pobediti u promenama. Liderstvo je važno ne samo zbog naših lič- nih karijera i organizacija u kojima radimo. Potrebni su nam lideri-predavači koji će nas svojom energijom ujediniti na putu progresa ljudskog društa i samog sporta.Promene su postale toliko složene i dinamične da od njihovih znanja i sposobnosti i njihovog dejstva uveliko zavisi sudbina svetskog poretka. Ljudski resurs je entitet koji se nalazi uvek na početku i na kraju svake priče, jer on svakako ima najdugoročnije posledice po jednu organizaciju.

411-419

Authors: Borislav Samardžić, Slavica Bjeljac

Today’s managers are asked to find new approaches in solving both existing and upcoming problems. They need to posses clear understanding of the future, new ways of competition, timely knowledge of opportunities and how to efficiently use those opportunities. Here, we analyze pro-activist and inter-activist planning as a possible solution to ever growing problems which sports organizations and institutions face today. Pro-activist and inter-activist planning demands analyzing strengths which function in surroundings, and timely decision making when it comes to lack of resources. With this kind of approach, sports organization manager can influence the organization to find its rightful place in upcoming month, year or decade. The sports manager of today has to be pro-activist and inter-activist in his/her orientation. Manager has to be able to do everything that is required in business surroundings, to make decisions depending on strategic plans which foresee every step on the way to success

426-432

Authors: Nenad Mačvanin,Paulina Soldat,Đorđe Mačvanin,

Under doping is now in modern sports involve the use of any foreign substance or physiological substances in large quantities,, and the use of physiological substances different routes input in order to artificially increase the working and sporting abilities. These are substances that increase the activity of the organism and exhibit nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The effects of these substances are very different depending of their influence on the CNS and the smooth and transversal (skeletal) muscles.

441-449

Authors: Zrna Agačević, Muhedin Hodžić

Exercise has become a vital part of many women's lives. However, theoretic concerns have been raised about the safety of some forms of exercise during pregnancy. Because of the physiologic changes associated with pregnancy, as well as the hemodynamic response to exercise, some precautions should be observed. The physician should screen for any contraindications to exercise and encourage patients to avoid overly vigorous activity, especially in the third trimester, when most pregnant women have a decreased tolerance for weight-bearing exercise. Adequate hydration and appropriate ventilation are important in preventing the possible teratogenic effects of overheating. Pregnant women should avoid exercise that involves the risk of abdominal trauma, falls or excessive joint stress, as in contact sports and vigorous racquet sports. In the absence of any obstetric or medical complications, most women can maintain a regular exercise regimen during pregnancy. Some studies have found a greater sense of well-being, shorter labor and fewer obstetric interventions in physically wellconditioned women as compared with other women.

454-460

Authors: Danica Piršl, Nenad Živanović, Nebojša Ranđelović

Cognitive strategies help out learners in general to make learning process more efficient and to activate previous knowledge which in turn helps out remembering and retrieval of infomation. Therefore following techniques are used widely: advance organizers, analogy, elaboration, inference, questions of different types. Thus we help out our students to better organize their learning styles and learn from texts.

468-477

Authors: Danica Piršl, Nenad Živanović, Nebojša Randjelović

Within the research area of Cognitive Psychology scholars, the focus has lately been on the writing processes modelled on shaping the text. The Model of Cognitive Writing Processes by Flower and Hayes (1984) tries to explain cognitive processes and components which are included in writing a text. According to this model, text authors analyse information based on the approach similar to the one described in The Information Processing Model of Memory by Atkinson and Schiffrin (1968). The authors’ analysis of the data can also be explained with The Levels of Processing Theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972). The quality of written text depends on the use of writing strategies and techniques. The key writing strategies for the quality of the written text are: strategic planning, strategy of the design elaboration, and strategy of correcting the finished text. The process of writing the text is a very complex skill. The level of cognitive effort necessary for some phases of the writing process is very high. There are many interindividual differences in the writing skill level, depending on the cognitive level of the individual, sex, age, attitudes to writing, reading skills etc. For the teaching of writing, modelled on shaping the text, a more general recommendation is the interactional or process approach