Sport Mont

3-9

Authors: Stevo Popović, Duško Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljević, Rašid Hadžić

Introduction: Sport and national identity have been strongly connected through entire history, mostly due to the reason that an individual sportsmen or a national sport team may represent a certain group of people united around a single goal or the same ideas (Popović & Bjelica, 2013). Hence, they, accompanied with the sports fans, represent an entire nation and foster a sense of national pride amongst members of a given nation (Bogdanov, 2011). Consequently, this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of sports fans that constantly attend the matches of national team toward national identity, mostly due to the reason the authors of this research believed that it could vary according to the frequency of their participation in sport activities in a month. Methods: The sample included 669 respondents who participate in sport activities more than 20 times (n=165), 11-20 times (n=98), 5-10 times (n=130), 1-4 times (n=108), less than ones a month (n=71) and as well as sports fans who never participate (n=97). The sample of variables consisted of 19 items, and the subjects were evaluated it by a seven-point Likert scale. Regarding the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and Two-sample Hotelling's T-Square test were employed. Results: Based on the results it was concluded that significant differences occurred between sport fans who participate in sport activities more than 20 times (M±SD=4.52±1.51) and those who have never participated it (M±SD=4.26±1.50), those who participated less than ones (M±SD=4.29±1.53) and those who participate 1- 4 times a month (M±SD=4.37±1.38), as well as between sport fans who participate in sport activities 11-20 times (M±SD=4.46±1.35) and those who have never participated it and those who participate it less than ones a month. Discussion: Sport is well positioned when we talk about the development of national identity, due to the reason there are many evidence from the previous literature (cited in Popović and Bjelica, 2013) that achievements of national sports teams and organization of major sports events can increase it. In addition, this study recognized stronger affiliation of the subjects who participate in sport activities more to the nation. Although sport is not only one factor that can influence national identity, the results of this study suggest that the personal involvement of sports fans in sports activities might also strengthen its self-esteem and national pride. References: Popović S, Bjelica D (2013). Sport Mont, 37-39, 61-66. Bogdanov D (2011). Influence of National Sport Team Identity on National Identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Tallahassee, FL: The Florida State University.

17-20

Authors: Besim Halilaj, Ilir Gllareva,Shemsedin Vehapi

The study involved 82 male students of the primary school “Qamil Ilazi” in Kaçanik- Kosovo.Four movement tests, which test the repetitive strength, were conducted: 1. Pull-up, 2. Sit-Up, 3. Back extension, 4. Push-up.The main goal of this study was to verify the actual motor status, respectively the component of the repetitive strength among students of age 14 of masculine gender. In addition to verifying the actual motor status, another objective was to verify the relationship between the variables employed.Basic statistical parameters show a distribution which is not significantly different from the normal distribution, yielded highly correlative values among the repetitive strength tests. Space factorization resulted in extracting two latent squares defined as repetitive strength of arms factor, and repetitive strength of body factor.

28-32

Authors: Gllareva Ilir, Halilaj Besim,Koca Afrim

The study has had the aim to analyze swimming at several competitions of Kosovo swimmers through eight years period from 2002 to 2009 respectively 2003 to 2009, analyzing them in two different swimming disciplines - breaststroke at 50 and 200 meters swim distance by senior swimmers. There was increase in the value of the best annual results as a result of the distribution of outcomes within groups that have average scores represent values statistically insignificant, except from 2002 to 2008, in the 50m breaststroke. In the 200m breaststroke discipline noted that changes in the period 2003-2009 are too small as a whole. Through ANOVA method note that the average results in 50m breaststroke discipline is projected linear with only one statistically significant difference from 2002 to 2008 at level 0.05.

40-45

Authors: Georgi Georgiev,Viktor Mitrevski,Fadil Nika,Hasmir Hasani

Introduction: The goal of the research is to establish if the professional approach and increased intensity of applied results in improvements and differences between the functional and motoric abilities (skills and habits) with students. Methods: The research has been conducted on a sample of 76 students at the age of 14. The first subsample consists of 40 students, and the second of 36 students, who, along with their regular school classes of 3 times a week and additional sports subject as choice (this refers to the first subsample as well), had regular trainings in basketball clubs three hours a week. They were tested by three indexes: 1) motoric abilities; 2) motoric skills and habits (Majeric, 2004); and 3) functional abilities (Jovanovic, 1999). There were calculated: basic descriptive statistic parameters, t-tests of independent samples, analysis of variance and Friedman test (Bala, 1986). Results: The results of the analyses are represented in 8 tables. On the base of the obtained results, the conclusion is that better results in all three indexes, are determined with the second subsample. It is those who are involved in regular school classes, have the sport as their additional subject choice, and had an active training work in their sports clubs. Discussion: The authors general conclusion of the research is that the number of that kind of research approach is quite small The results of the analyses of the first index in the conducted research show great similarity with the results obtained in the research of Georgiev, Kostovski, & Mitrevski (2012). The results of the second index indicate great similarity with Mitrevski’s research (2012). The results of the third index are logically sustained. They are better with the second subsample. References: Bala G (1986). Logicke osnove metoda za analizu podataka iz istrazivanja u fizickoj kulturi. Novi Sad, Sava Muncan. Georgiev G, Kostovski Z, Mitrevski V (2012). Sport Mont, 34- 36, 105-9. Jovanovic G (1999). Pulsometri u praksi. Bones, Kotor. Majeric М (2004). Analiza modelov ocenivanja sportnih znanj pri sportni vzgoji (Doktorska disertacija), Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za sport Ljubljana. Mitrevski V (2012). Razliki vo postiganjata i rezultatite po predmetot fizičko vospituvanje i obrazovanie i sport kaj učenicite od nekoi Balkanski državi (Doktorska disertacija), Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij”, Fakultet za fizička kultura, Skopje.

50-56

Authors: Hugo Sarmento,M. Teresa Anguera,Jorge Campaniço,Rui Resende,José Leitão

Introduction: Although football is considered a universal language, there are particularities that characterize the way it is practiced in several countries. Overall, the style of English football is known as “Kick and Rush”, the Italian as “Catenaccio”, and the Spanish as “Fúria Española”. This study aims to understand which aspects in the characterization of playing styles of the different teams (Manchester United, Internazionale Milano and Barcelona) are the most important for coaches. Methods: We chose 8 expert high-performance Portuguese first league football coaches (Coach 1 to 8) with a professional experience (as first coach) ranging from 2 to 30 years (14.9 ± 8.6 years). Semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data analyzed trough content analysis using the software QSR NVivo 9. Results and discussion: The data were grouped in four mainly categories: i) game culture/identity (n=18); ii) strategical-Tatical factors (n=17); iii) player characteristics (n=14); iv) coach philosophy (n=14). When analyzing the specific characteristics of the three teams, the coaches mainly referred to aspects related to a playing/identity culture of each team that is influenced by their history, their tradition and a set of values underlying the different clubs. Our coaches described each team’s differences based on strategic and tactical aspects. Overall, all coaches recognized the quality and merit with which Barcelona plays, basing their views on a ball possession that is very difficult to equal by any other team in the world. In contrast, Manchester United plays in a way where strong ball possession is primary, but also their ability to play quickly and offensively, through a more "direct" playing style. Finally, Inter Milan’s style is defined essentially by their defensive tactical rigor and the capacity to develop effective offensive sequences of quick attacks and counterattacks. The players that form these teams are only one element that can explain the different ways of playing. As described elsewhere (Kuper & Szymanski, 2010), our coaches feel that the strong and stable economic situation these teams have allows them to have players who are perfectly suited to the game’s model, whilst also contributing to an enrichment of the game shown through extremely high playing skills. The interviewees also mentioned the philosophy hat the coach possesses is another aspect that can also influence a team’s playing style. Understanding the factors that contribute to the different playing styles in different countries and teams may provide useful information for coaches who want to more efficiently. References: Kuper S, & Szymanski S (2010). Why England lose & other curious football phenomena explained. Fulham: HarperSport.

64-69

Authors: Bahri Gjinovci,Valon Nikqi, Florian Miftari

Introduction: When it is about elite male volleyball players, it is always meant about players that possess such anthropometric parameters which correspond with volleyball game. In this research we are deal with two teams of the super league of Kosovo in volleyball. The goal of this study is to verify the differences between the two teams in volleyball in some anthropometric characteristics, basic motor skills and situational tests. Methods: For the realization of this research, there were included 12 volleyball player from the team KV "Granit com" and 12 from the team KV "Te Luzha". There are applied 4 anthropometric variables (body weight, body height, arm length, forearm length), 5 basic motor variables (long jump from place, high jump from the place taping hand, taping feet, jogging with 20 meters with a fast start), and 7 situational tests (pass the ball with the fingers on target vertical expulsion of the ball with the forearm ("hammer") in vertical target, passing the ball with the fingers in a horizontal target, the expulsion of the ball with the forearm ("hammer") in horizontal target, pass the ball with fingers to jump in the horizontal target, tennis service in horizontal target, the target service with the horizontal jump. For processing the obtained results from the measurements and proving the difference between the teams in anthrop motored parameters, was used the discriminatory analysis using the t-test for independent variables. Results: The results obtained show that the players of the two volleyball teams of the Super League in of Kosova, involved in the research do not distinguish between them in anthropometric characteristics (p> 0:05). The team KV "Granit Com" has had better results in some motor variables of the explosive force and the one of long jump from the place(P <0:05) and running 20 meters from a fast start (p <0:01). Situational tests are not a statistically significant difference observed between the two teams. Discussion: In order to verify the statistical significance through the t-test, the value of t-test should be established, which for significant level p<0.05 is T>1.97 above 20 entities. The results show that statistically valid changes with valid significant tests are present in anthropometric and movement space. Table nr.15 presents the results of two teams “Graniti Com” and “Te Luzha”. In this case, the statistical valid changes are presented in three tests: high jump, 20 meters speed run and accuracy of the service in jumping. References: Liba MR, Stauff MR (1963). Research Quarterly, 35, 59–63. Strahova A (1972). Kineziologija, 1, 19-72. Nikqi V. (2008). Differences of some anthopmetric and motor characteristics as well as several situatinal testes among Kosovo Superlague Volleyball players, 35-64. Strahonja A, Jankovic V, Shnajder V (1982), Kineziologija, 11, 46-51. 69

73-80

Authors: Jana Nová

Introduction: This paper explores the possibilities of interconnection between the concepts of quality management systems and the concepts of the performance in sports organizations so to achieve the greater effectiveness and efficiency in terms of their operations. Therefore the paper provides an overview of the quality management systems and principles which are applicable in sports organizations and special attention is also paid to the analysis of the Balanced Scorecard principles in the sport context. Via the chosen methodology the author analyses the potential of this performance measurement tool for the integration into quality management system in sports organizations. Methods: In the paper the author used different methods of scientific research namely systematic observation, desk research, descriptive and causal method as well as the inductive and deductive method. The methods of analysis and synthesis of the existing perspectives were exploited in order to analyse and describe the interrelatedness between the different concepts. Results: The profound analysis and synthesis of the existing theoretical and practical tools applied in the quality of sport and performance of sport has proved the rightfulness of the assumptions that these two concepts can be based on their logic integrated in the managerial practice in one framework. Discussion: Implementing the integrated concept of the quality management and performance management in the sport organizations can be very efficient, considering the characteristics of the quality management systems and performance measurement. This approach can improve the realisation and results of the core processes in sport organizations and enhance their accountability towards the stakeholders´ requirements and expectations. References: Hoye R at al. (2012). Sport Management - principles and applications. Third edition. Routledge NY. Kaplan RE, Norton DP (1992). Harvard Business Review, 71-9. Nová J (2013). Current Concepts of the Quality in Sport and Their Possible Utilization in the Czech Republic. In: Conference Proceedings Prague, Novembe

85-88

Authors: Arben Osmani,Mamaj Driton

Introduction: In this research the authors used a questionnaire of 8 questions of closed type, and 2 questions of open type. The basic aim of the research is to understand what young football players feel about their coach, team-mates and football as a sports game. Methods: The research involved 54 male football players who have active trainings in football clubs FC “2 korrik” in Prishtina. They are at the age between 14 and 16 and have active training experience of 2 years at least. After explaining the point of the research to the respondents, the inquiry that was of an anonymous type began. Answers to the questions in the questionnaire are presented basic statistic indexes: central and dominant value. Opinions of the respondents are represented through frequencies by chi-square test. Results: The results of the answers are represented in 2 tables and for better exposition they are presented in 8 graphics. The received answers indicate that it is the positive feeling that prevails among the football players with regard to their coach, team-mates and the football game. Particularly interesting answers are given to the two questions of open type. Discussion: On the base of the obtained answers, the results of this research show that the inquired football players have a positive opinion about the coach – his regularity, professional work and proper treatment of the players. Their opinion is positive towards their team-mates as well (coming on time for training, collaboration and friendship). In addition, the football players have a positive attitude towards football – desire for training, contests and expectation for a high success. References: Creswell JW (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage. Miller TI, Miller KM (2000). Ankete za građane: Kako anketirati građane, kako se služiti anketama i što one znače. ICMA, Washington. Murphy-Black T (2000). Questionnaire. The Research Process in Nursing. Black-well Science, 301–15. Rea LM, Parker RA (1997). Kreiranje i stvaranje anketnog iztraživanja: kompletan vodič. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Singleton AR, Straits BC (2005). pproaches to Social Research. Oxford University Press, New York. Vekselberg, V. (2004). Priručnik za anketiranje građana. The Urban Institute, Zagreb.

93-97

Authors: Diana Peeva,Krassimir Petkov

Introduction: The paper presents the results of a study where besides using the conventional anthropometry, the individual Body Mass Index (BMI) or Ketle Index was calculated. Being established in the mid-nineteenth century, Ketle Index gained wide popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when the problem of obesity in the developed countries acquire serious levels. The aim was to prove the relationship between anthropometric parameters and Body Mass Index as well as the possible health risks of the individual. Methods: The study was carried out on 78 first-year female students at the Todor Kableshkov University of Transport (VTU). The indicators examined were: height, weight, skin fold, waist circumference and BMI. Descriptive statistics was used with data processing and different methods were applied to establish the anthropometric parameters: Body Mass Index or Kettle Index; quantitative subcutaneous fat according to the method developed by Deurenberg; comparative analysis of the link between waist circumference; BMI and the state of the individual’s body. Results: The study showed that the average BMI for the entire group of students was 23.1 and subcutaneous fat of 26.6% respectively. Nearly 10% of those being examined are overweight combining high levels of subcutaneous fat and waist circumference, which is a prerequisite for increased risk of disease. Discussion: In the academic year 2011/2012 a study of anthropometric indicators of the newly-enrolled female students was carried out at the Todor Kableshkov University of Transport (VTU). In compliance with some studies (Popov, 1969) a slight increase of size and weight is observed with increasing the age of women during the time of study at university while according to others (Karapetrov, 1978) changes in anthropometric indicators are reported to a later age. According to the research related to introduction of Euro fit tests, BMI as an indicator of general health of the body works in combination with the coefficients of subcutaneous fat (skin fold) and the waist/hips ratio. With big values of the three variables, there are high health risks for individuals. According to some studies (Bjorntorp, 1992), the abdomen fat leads to a greater risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than the fats in other parts of the body. The considerable part of participants in this study had normal weight but with a tendency of its increasing that could result in bad condition of the organism. Using the advantages of physical education, it is largely possible to correct most of negative results obtained through the study, especially in relation to obesity and waist circumference. References: Deurenberg P, Westrate JA, Seidell JC (1991). Br J Nutr., 65(2),105-14. Bjorntorp P (1992). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 8S, 26-8.

105-112

Authors: Valentine Panayotov

Introduction: The rate of obesity among people in many countries escalated in recent years. A lot of different methodologies were implemented to address this problem. To address these problems in this study we tried to evaluate the impact of a daily schedule, consisting of physical activity of anaerobic-lactic type (20-30 sec), combined with an energy deficient diet (achieved using either EURODIET food substitutes or conventional food sources) on the components of body mass and the Quality of Life Index. Methods: The participants were 15 healthy adults of both sexes with Body Mass Index (BMI) values above 27. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups – the first one underwent an energy deficient diet using the products of EURODIET for 3 of the daily meals. The second one achieved the energy deficit adhering to a diet consisting of conventional food sources. The third group was the control one with no dietary restrictions imposed on the subjects. All 3 groups performed 30 min. circuit training sessions of resistance exercises 3 times a week. The study was 8 weeks long. Results. The differences between the initial and the final values of BMI, the body mass, the percentage of the fat tissue and the Quality of Life Index were compared. We detected statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) in the following variables and groups: 1. Body mass and BMI in Eurodiet group; 2. Body mass, Quality of Life Index and BMI in conventional diet group. No significant differences (p≤0.05) between the initial and the final values of the studied variables of the control group. Discussion: We found no evidence that a diet with food substitutes is superior to a conventional diet for losing body weight. Contrary to our previous studies we found that a conventional diet is superior to a food substitutes’ diet in sparing the lean body mass. In our opinion implementing physical activity alone is insufficient for achieving weight loss. It is possible that these findings were due to the relatively short duration of the study. When interpreting the results of the study we have to consider the relatively small number of participants in all 3 groups.

120-125

Authors: Nedim Sisic, Damir Sekulic

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine differences in morphological characteristics between junior basketball players who have different levels of explosive strength. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 84 junior basketball players from (B&H) Bosnia and Herzegovina (16-18 years) in spring 2013th. The sample of morphological variables consited of: body height, leg length, body weight,upper arm girth in extension, calf girth, triceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, front thigh skinfold, BMI, the relative body fat percentage. The variables of explosive strength were: vertical jump (VJ), broad jump (BJ) and throwing a medicine ball from chest with 3 kg from a standing position. Ward's method of cluster analysis, based on variables of explosive strength we formed four homogeneous groups. Subsequently, using the ANOVA and post-hoc analysis, these groups are differentiated with regard to morphological characteristics. Results: Clusters differed significantly in BJ and VJ. ANOVA found significant differences between clusters in variables of skinfolds, such as the: triceps, abdomen and thigh. Discussion: Defined the influence of morphological variables on explosive strength can be regarded as expected, given that it is primarily about a negative influence of the amount of body fat on relative explosive strength type. This research has shown that junior basketball players in B&H are shorter and ligther when compared to top-level European juniors (Jelicic et al., 2002). Subjects with the lowest skinfolds of the upper limbs and body weight, achieved the best results in the manifestation of relative explosive strength, which has so far rarely been found in samples of trained subjects (Milanese et al., 2010). Possible explanations can be required in a number of training, the intensity and quality of training. Although at this point with certainty, we can't determine on which of these factors involved. This can be confirmed by the results of research of Piucco et al., 2009 who studied female amateur volleyball athltes. References: Jelicic M, Sekulic D, Marinovic M (2002). Coll. Antropol, 26, 69-76. Milanese C, Bortolami O, Bertucco M, Verlato G, Zancanaro C (2010). Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 265-79. Piucco T, Santos SG (2009). Fitness Performance Journal, 8(1), 9-15.

131-139

Authors: G. Svetislav Popović

The aim of this paper is to indicate, through researches related to the overview of the existing network of physical education facilities in the municipalities of Montenegro, the urban parameters on the basis of which systematisation and classification of space used for active physical education is carried out. A special emphasis is placed on the ratio of the anticipated areas (outdoor and indoor sport areas) which amount to 2.122.418m2 in relation to the entire territory of Montenegro. Through graphical illustrations the ratio of developed and missing areas in the municipalities classified by region can be seen, as well as their difference, which is particularly pronounced in the northern region of Montenegro. At the end, a recommendation is given that emerged from the researches and relies on specific determinants in terms of linking sports facilities at a municipal and regional level, with an emphasis on the information system of sports facilities.

148-151

Authors: Aldijana Muratović, Dobrislav Vujović, Danilo Bojanić,Georgi Georgiev

Studies that deal with the problem of comparing two or more groups of handball players of different ages, are not so frequent. A number of Croatian authors contributed to these studies In a way that they have analyzed the differences between handball players at defferent levels of competition. In this study, a survey was conducted in order to determine whether there are differences between handball cadets and junior cadets in the motor and the specific motor skills. The sample in this study consisted of 30 handball players split in this way : the cadets (15), aged 16-17 years old and younger cadets (15) aged 13-14 years. There were 12 tests ( of measuring instruments) for estimating general motor abilities and 4 tests for estimating specific-motor skills. Basic statistical parameters were calculated for all the results in the variables. Statistically significant difference between the arithmetic means of cadets and junior cadets was determined by t-test for small independent samples. The data obtained from the testing of differences between group of handball cadets and junior cadets showed that the handball cadets had significantly better results in the four variables (long jump in here, throwing a handball ball from the gray straddle the ground, throwing a medicine ball from lying on back and the accuracy of jump shot from 9 m), while the younger cadets achieved significantly better results in the two variables (side steps and slalom in the area between 6-9 m). Since the results showed that handball cadets had better results (in a number of variables) than younger cadets , this study was consistent with the previous studies attempted to analyze the differences between handball players of different ages.

160-166

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Duško Bjelica

Introduction: The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the dribbling speed with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. Methods: According to the time orientation this was a longitudinal study with the aim to define in a two timely different points a quantitative changes of the dribbling speed under the influence of the programmed football training with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed training process, which involved acovered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 fifteen years old football players of cadet rank. For the assessment of ball handling the three tests were used: horizontal ball rebounding from a wall 20s, dribbling speed of the ball in slalom and juggling alternating with both feet in a square space of 1x1m. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. Results: Based on the numerical values of the t-test it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the dribbling speed. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of situational-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. Discussion: In this research the authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period, where dominates the situational model training is very effective in terms of raising the dribbling speed with fifteen years old, because the model that is used in this training period abounds in exercises in which dominates dribbling speed, in stright line and with changes in direction. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

175-180

Authors: Milan Cvetković, Boris Popović,Dušan Stupar,Aleksandra Spasić, Dejan Orlić,Slobodan Andrašić

Introduction: Selection in modern dancing, especially in the “artistic dance” style, is increasingly directed towards finding proper morphological types with exceptional motor and individual creative abilities. The aim of this paper was to determine morphological characteristics of 7-9 years old girls engaged in modern dancing for a continuous period of at least one year, as well as to compare them with the girls that have never been engaged in an organized physical activity. Methods: The aim was accomplished by using a battery of eight anthropometric tests that evaluate to a greatest extent body voluminosity and body mass as well as subcutaneous fat tissue of the test subjects as they could be affected to a greatest extent by means of physical education. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for determining the quantitative differences between the systems of anthropometric variables from the two groups of respondents. For determining the difference between each individual anthropometric measure and for both age groups, an univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. P = 0.05 was the criterion adopted for the level of statistical significance. All results have been analyzed using the software for statistical analysis SPSS 20. Results: Research results indicate a statistically significant difference in terms of a quality morphological status defined by smaller volume, body mass and lesser fat tissue at all age categories of female subjects which is in favor of girls engaged in modern dancing. According to these results the author concludes which morphological type of girls at younger school age is desirable for successful engagement in modern dancing. Discussion: By looking at the general morphological space of analyzed groups of respondents it can be concluded that the girls engaged in modern dancing, statistically significantly differ in a quantitative manner from their peers who are not involved in organized physical activity, at the most strict level of statistical inference. This difference is reflected in the higher-quality morphological status defined by lower volume, body weight, and less subcutaneous adipose tissue which lead the author to conclusion about morphological type of girls aged 7-9 years which is desirable for successful engagement in modern dancing, depending on the dance category respondents are engaged in. Generally, it can be concluded that the contents of modern dances represent a positive impact on the morphological status of girls aged 7-9 years and in particular on the dimensions responsible for the volume and mass of the body, as well as the subcutaneous adipose tissue. As such, these contents are highly recommendable for implementation in physical education, both in school and after school, by engaging in dance studios and clubs dealing with this type of dance. References: Kostić J, Zagorc M, Uzunović S (2004). Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis., Gymnica, 34 (1), 59-64. Medved R, Barbir Ž, Brdarić R, Gjurić Z, Heimer S, Kesić B, Medved V, Miheli Z, Pavišić-Medved V, Pećina M. Todorović B, Tucak A, Vuković M (1987). Sportska medicina. Zagreb: JUMENA. Popović B (2008). Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 43, 455-65, Novi Sad. Steinberg N, Siev-Ner I, Peleg S, Dar G, Masharawi Y, Hershkoviz I (2008). American Journal of Human Biology, 20 (3), 299-307. Viskić – Štalec N, Štalec J, Katić R, Podvorac Đ, Katović D (2007). Collegium Antropologicum, 31 (1), 259-66.

188-193

Authors: Milan Cvetković,Slobodan Andrašić,Boris Popović, Dejan Orlić,

Introduction: Requirements and needs of properly programmed training process, especially in the pre-season, look for a precise definition of the functional parameters of all the players. The level of anaerobic threshold, as well as research on the same, may be a good indicator of proper dosage of loading. The aim of the research is to determine the differences in running speed and heart rate at the level of anaerobic threshold in relation to the position of the player. Methods: Age of the respondents in this study included boys from 14 to 16 years of age (60 football players). The sample of respondents was divided according to playing position, as follows: center-backs (12 players), wing-backs (15 players),midfielders (14 players), forwarders (13 players) and goalkeepers (6 goalkeepers). An estimation of maximum heart rate and anaerobic threshold was performed using the Conconi test – (Conconi et al. 1996). Prior to testing players had ten minutes to warm up and after a few minutes of rest the testing began. Players started with jogging test (10 km/h) and after every 200 m running speed was increased by 0.5 km/h. Within certain sections the load is constant which is achieved by increasing speed after each 200 m, and then maintaining that speed until the end of the section. After processing the results within the particular software (“Polar Precision Performance SW”) the values needed for this research were collected. Multivariate methods MANOVA and discriminant analysis will be applied in the paper. Regarding the univariate procedures, ANOVA t-test and Roy’s test shall be applied. The descriptive parameters, mean value, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of all values, the coefficient of variation (CV) of confidence intervals, skewness as the measures of asymmetry, kurtosis as the measure of flatness and the value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, shall be presented. Results: By using the multivariate analysis of variance and based on the results, no statistically significant difference was observed. Discriminant analysis, which is a superior method compared to multivariate analysis of variance, because in addition to the quantitative values of the analyzed features it also observes their mutual relationship, revealed no significant difference also. Univariate analysis confirmed the assumption, which means no significant differences were found between the groups regarding the observed variables. However, the mean values for midfield players in all monitored parameters were the highest. Discussion: The results of this study indicate similar estimates of values of the anaerobic threshold between the groups divided according to their playing position. However, the mean values for midfield players in all monitored parameters were the highest: heart rate at the anaerobic threshold (186.36 beats/min), running speed at anaerobic threshold (14.07 km/h) and percentage value of anaerobic threshold in relation to the maximum heart rate (92.07 %), which separates them from other playing positions and points to the existence of certain differences. Comparing the results of this study with research performed by Dillerna et al. (2012) shows that similar results were obtained, and the best results are achieved by female midfield players. Also, by measuring heart rate during official games, Coelho et al. (2011), within the sample of 26 players from U-17 and 18 players from U-20 category, found that midfield players, presented in percentage, spent the most of the time in the zone 3 (p<0.05), and spent more time in zone 4 compared to the forward players and center-backs (p<0.05). The above studies indicate a significantly higher engagement of midfield players compared to other positions.

200-208

Authors: Dragan Krivokapić, Duško Bjelica

Introduction: A research has been done in pre-school institutions of Montenegro and Serb Republic whose aim was to get directions for improvement of physical education in pre-school institutions as well as for taking measures in order to educate parents of the children attending those institutions in the sense of improving knowledge on importance of physical activity for growth and development of pre-school children through monitoring and insight into attitudes of parents on physical activity of their children. Problem of this research is consisted of an attempt to use the parents` attitudes to estimate how active their children are within the time period when there are not on the pre-school institutions. Methods: The research was done by the poll method of anonymous questionnaire, with was filled by parents of the children attending pre-school institutions in Montenegro and Serb Republic. Sample of the examinees from Montenegro was made of 1356 of parents of the pre-school children attending pre-school institutions from all three Montenegrin regions. Sample of the examinees from the Serb Republic was made of 386 parents of the pre-school children attending pre-school institutions. Aim of the research was consisted of estimation of the parents` attitudes on volume and features of the physical activity of their children and of attempt to use the given data to take certain measures on the base of which their physical activities would be optimized. For this poll, a specially structured questionnaire for this purpose was used, in which the questions were set into groups with the aim of estimating features of physical activity of the pre-school children. Results: For the statistics processing methods of descriptive statistics were used, which were used for numerical and percent presentation of frequency of some answers of the examinees, and the answers were presented comparatively in tables for both samples. Results of this research indicate to trend of decrease in physical activity of the pre-school children in both Montenegro and Serb Republic. Discussion and comments were integrally presented and discussed for all groups of answers to polled questions. Discussion: Dynamic development and more and more important role of physical education in modern society development as well as in the life a modern man has encouraged much more active attitude of science towards the field of the human activity (Bjelica, D. & Krivokapić, D., 2010.). Anyway, for the obvious trend of decrease in physical activity of the pre-school children, there is a need for its intensifying, in order to provide as optimal as possible influence on their mental and physical development. ``Physical development of an individual is best realized through activities that are intensified, conceived and versatile``(Bjelica, D. & Krivokapić, D., 2011). In that attempt, analysis of the position and role of the teacher as well as creating of stimulating ambient that enables, stimulates and encourages their professional development and permanent education is especially important. Taking into account the given results of this research, there is an opinion that additional education of parents of the pre-school children on importance of optimal physical activity for growth and development of the children in that period of their childhood, could partially decrease negative consequences resulting from unsatisfying level of their physical activity. References: Bjelica D, Krivokapic D (2010). Teorijske osnove fizicke kulture, Fakultet za sport i fizicko vaspitanje i Crnogorska sportska akademija, 37-38. Bjelica D, Krivokapic D (2011). Teorija igre, Univerzitet Crne Gore, 115-116.

217-223

Authors: Miroslav Smajić, Aleksandar Huba Barašić, Dejan Javorac, Nebojša Čokorilo,Bogdan Tomić

Introduction: Tennis is polistructural activity acyclic type of movement. A large number of movement structures and situations in a tennis game (technical and tactical variants) indicates that the success of players determined by the level and structure of a large number of motor abilities, knowledge and qualities, of which some can be measured and analyzed. The measurement of these abilities and traits allows better planning, programming and control of the training process and to improve the sports form. The aim of the research was directed to determining the differences in motor abilities, of different sexes. Methods: The sample of 51 subjects aged 7 years (± 6 months), of which 23 boys and 28 girls tennis school participants TC "Palic" from Palic, carried out the measurement of motor abilities. The sample tests consisted of 12 tests: backward polygon, polygon with skipping and swiping, bat quickness, shooting horizontal objectives handed, shooting in the frame, target stick, keeping the ball with his hand, refusing racquet balls, fans, precision small vertical specific objectives, specific precision large vertical target, the specific objectives of the horizontal accuracy. Differences in motor abilities tennis players of different sexes was determined by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: On the basis of the research it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences between boys and girls in terms of treated motor abilities. Discussion: Tennis is characterized by a very large number of different techniques strokes and movements, which are mostly performed at maximum speed for a long time, and it is logical that the success in tennis affects a larger number of motor skills (Zmajić, 2003). Development of speed, agility and explosiveness is very important for success in a tennis game, because tennis game consists of a number of different explosive reaction to a variety of changes in the situation (McCarthy, 1998). References: Filipčić, A. Filipčić, T. (2005). Correlation meet their particular motor skills and competitive effectiveness young female tennis players. Kinesiology, 37, 164-172. Groppel, J.L, Loehr, J.E., Melville, D.S. & Quinn, AM (1989). Science of coaching tennis. Champain IL: Leisure Press, 2, 13-19. McCarthy, J. (1998). Tennis Pattern Running. Strength Cond. J., 20(3), 23 – 30. MacDougall, J., Wenger, H., & Green, H. (1991). Physiological Testing of the high-performance athlete. Champain IL: Human Kinetics, 4, 53-64. Rowland, T (2005). Developmental exercise physiology. Human Kinetics, 1, 55-64. Zmajić, H. (2003). Competitive tennis. Zagreb: Gopal.

232-238

Authors: Nebojša Čokorilo, Milena Mikalački, Stanislav Škrkar

Introduction: In modern civilization, there was a marked decrease in physical activity of people. It is well known that the use of dosed and regular physical activity act preventively to prevent the risk of diseases of modern civilization (Medved, 1980; Mišigoj Durakovic et al., 1999, Oman and Oman, 2003). The aim of the research is to analyze the changes of body composition of women affected by age. Methods: In a sample of 99 women, aged 20 to 49 years, the city of Novi Sad, undertook an assessment of body composition. The patients were divided into three subsamples with respect to age, for each decade separately. Distribution of respondents by age categories was made on the basis of some previous studies (NASIS and Geldas 2003, Flagg et al., 2005; Hayward, 2006). Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MANOVA) analysis of variance fortified that there are statistically significant differences between all age groups, both in the common system variables and in most individual . For further determine the difference in the individual system variables was made t - test which confirms the findings of univariate analysis of variance. Results: Were found statistically significant differences between the analyzed groups. For most indicators of body composition are present in high and statistically significant differences. Discussion: Under the body composition we understand composition of the human body, represented by the size and grouping of existing measurable segments that constitute (Ugarković, 2001). According to some authors lean body mass is muscle, skeleton and internal organs, and body fat mass seems so. "important" and "unimportant" fat (Mišigoj Durakovic, 2006).