Sport Mont

17-21

Authors: Matsuyama Naoki

The purpose of this study is to clarify the Morphorogical Viewpoint on Movement Observation from phenomenological standpoint. Generally, Movement Observation is interpreted by two viewpoints. First is the Morphological Viewpoint (MOV) which is based on phenomenological morphology. Second is the Mechanistic Viewpoint, which is based on physics. The former corresponds to the core ability of coaches and physical teachers (Meinel, 1981) because the MOV is focused on the generation of movement. However some coaches and physical teachers cannot properly interpret the MOV (Meinel, 1981; Muraki, 1993). In some previous studies, the MOV has been interpreted from applying Gestaltkreis (Weizsäcker, 1940) which is a phenomenological hermeneutic figure for perceiving sound of “Melody of Movement” (Buytendijk, 1958). However, MOV’s Perceptual Phenomenon has not been directly clarified as hermeneutic figure. Because of this, this study deductively analyzes Perceptual Phenomenon of MOV from the relevance of consciousness and perception. On the base of their relevance, this study furthermore conceptualizes “Doppelter Gestaltkreis” which is a hermeneutic figure for directive interpretation of MOV’s Perceptual Phenomenon. This study further discusses the utility of Doppelter Gestaltkreis for enlarging the observation horizon of coaches and physical teachers.

29-34

Authors: Sinku Kumar Singh

The present study deals with comparison of causes of injuries among three groups of competitive footballers. Accordingly three groups of footballers were targeted. International, National and State groups footballers aged between 14 to 30 years. The data was collected with the help of questionnaires prepared by Cromwell, F.J. Walsh Gromley for Elite Gaelic footballers (2000) and it was modified by the investigator and utilized. In this study total 300 hundred players were targeted ; of which 100 footballers of each group. Total 318 injuries out of 300 hundred footballers were found out over the one year period; 125 injuries out of 84 footballers were found in international group footballers. 108 injuries out of 82 footballers were found in national group and 85 injuries out of 78 footballers were found in State group. The mean (SDs) age of International group to State group footballers were 21.25 (7.08), 23.33 (7.78) and 19.91 (6.29) in years respectively. Their weight were 58.35 (18.45), 58.23 (19.01), and 53.99 (17.33) kg. respectively, their height were 167.33 (55.33), 166.09 (55.10) and 164.87 (54.66) cm. respectively, their training were 4.61 (1.47), 4.31 (1.43), and 4.10 (1.33) days in a week respectively, their training durations were 2.74 (.58), 2.34 (.78), and 1.99 (.66) hours respectively, their warm-up were 28.53 (9.33), 36.05 (11.05) and 22.8 (7.8) minutes respectively, and competition was 8.67 (2.81), 8.68 (2.78), and 6.58 (2.11) in one year respectively. The results revealed that only significant difference of occurrence of injuries was found (F=3.65, P <.05) in foul play. International group footballers were found to have got more occurrences of injuries as compared to the state group footballers. The study suggest that their was no fair play at high level competition. However, no significant difference of occurrence of injuries were observed among three groups of competitive footballers with respect to causes like collision, running, contact with ball, stumble, tackle and kicking the ball.

42-49

Authors: Abdussalam Kanniyan

During the last few decades, coaches and athletes from a wide variety of sports have begun to realize the importance of the mental side of athletic performance. Sport specialists agree that athletic performance is influenced not only by physical skills but also by psychological ones. In order to achieve peak performance athletes need a “total package” including physical skills, psychological skills, fitness and injury prevention (Singh 2011). Study was aimed to examine the effect of Positive Self-Talk training on the Competition anxiety and self-confidence of junior level football players. 36 junior level football players, aged 18.7 ± 2.8 years, were randomly assigned into experimental group and control group. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to assess cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence. Positive Self- Talk training was given to the experimental group for 8 weeks. Results of ANOVA revealed significant difference between the pre- test and post test scores of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self- confidence in the experimental group while no significant difference in the control group.

57-62

Authors: Bergun Meric Bingul, Ozlem Tore, Cigdem Bulgan, Mensure Aydin

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the kinematic parameters between the grab and track starts (rear-weighted track and front-weighted track). Ten elite male swimmers (mean age± sd 11.3±2.3 years, mean height 152.3±5.6 cm, mean weight 48.2±3.9 kg) participated to this study. Swimmers performed three trials with three different starts technique in indoor pool. Data were recorded directly to the computer by using two basler a602f cameras at 100 hz. and records were analyzed after the test using simi motion 8.5.7 program. The study examined the four kinematic parameters: flight length (FL), flight time (FT) block time (BT), entry time (ET). The kinematic data were compared with friedman test using spss 11.5 program. Based on the comparsion results, it was found statistically significant difference in the parameter FL (p<0.05). Also, the difference between other parameters (FT, ET, BT) is not statistically significant. The flight length during grab start is longer than during front track starts.

70-74

Authors: Nining W. Kusnanik, Lalu M.Y. Isnaini

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of single leg hop progression and double legs hop progression exercise to increase speed and explosive power of leg muscles. Plyometric is one of the training methods that can increase explosive power. There are many models of plyometric training including single leg hop progression and double leg hop progression. This research was experimental using match subject design techniques. The subjects of this study were 39 students who joined basketball school club. There were 3 groups in this study: Group 1 were 13 students who given single leg hop progression exercise, Group 2 were 13 students who given double legs hop progression exercise, Group 3 were 13 students who given conventional exercise. The data was collected during pre test and post test by testing 30m speed running and vertical jump. The data was analyzed using Analysis of Varians (Anova). It was found that there were significantly increased on speed and explosive power of leg muscles of Group 1 and Group 2. It can be stated that single leg hop progression exercise was more effective than double leg hop progression exercise. The recent findings supported the hypothesis that single leg hop progression and double legs hop progression exercise can increase speed and explosive power of leg muscles. These finding were supported by some previous studies (Singh, et al, 2011; Shallaby, H.K., 2010). The single leg hop progression is more effective than double legs hop progression. This finding was consistent with some previous evidences (McCurdy, et al, 2005; Makaruk et al, 2011).

83-89

Authors: Miomir Maros, Zlatan Mujak

The purpose of this scientific work is to determine how the successes of our athletes affect the international media and tourism promotion of our country, since Montenegro independence 2006. The aim of this work is to consider theoretical assumptions and experts’ opinions, in order to give recommendations for utilization of sport success into better promotion of Montenegro all over the world in the future. The views of the interviewed experts confirm that sport is more than just a game and competition, that is part of the national identity, and as such, a window to the world of our country. The success of our athletes, especially the handball and water polo teams, confirm the thesis that this branch is one of the best ways for positive quotations of a small country and for being mentioned in international diplomacy, tourism and media circles. Our footballers before Savicevic and Mijatovic and now Vucinic, Savic, Jovetic and Kascelan, are often more famous than our touristic locations. The views of recognized experts suggest that this segment of promotion of Montenegro showed be watched closely, and that it would be useful for marketing campaigns to include our famous athletes, so the Montenegro can be recognizable in the world, and thus become a destination that will attract more tourists.

94-98

Authors: Danilo Bojanic, Ivan Vasiljevic, Jovica Petkovic, Aldijana Muratovic

Decades of research support the theory that when there are sports competitions there is also the question of what to eat and drink in order to enhance sports performance. Optimal diet can reduce fatigue, and allow athletes who train longer and compete to recovering faster (Lin and Lee, 2005). Nutritional status has a direct impact on the level of physical effect. In other words, the physical condition of preparation much depends on the nutritional status of persons engaged in sport (Beals and Manore, 1998). Methods: The sample was composed of 60 professional athletes from Montenegro (football, basketball and judo). Knowledge of reduced sports nutrition was tested by means of a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to determine the knowledge of sports nutrition, the ingredients that are necessary in order to provide a sufficient amount of energy for training and competition, the dietary supplements, a meal prior to the competition as well as dehydration and rehydration during training and competition. Results: According to the results as a whole, it can be concluded that the professional athletes’ knowledge of sports nutrition is at a satisfactory level. Out of 1200 responses 787 correct answers were achieved, or 65.5%. However, when looking at the individual responses then the satisfaction with the relative high percentage is not equal since we observed large gaps on very important issues related to sports nutrition. Discussion: By analyzing and comparing research results (Matkovic, Prince & Cigrovski, 2006),in a sample of 56 basketball and skiing coaches, 77.8% of correct answers were received. From a survey (Vasiljevic, Bojanic, Petkovic & Muratovic, 2014) of 30 licensed coaches from Montenegro (football, handball, basketball, volleyball, athletics and tennis) 78.,1% of correct answers were received. By looking into the results of our study, it is clear that the results indicate that athletes provided a lower percentage of correct answers in relation to sports coaches, which was expected.. If we take into account the fact that athletes often use a dietary supplement exactly as recommended by coaches, it would be expected that the people who advise taking these supplements should know about any problems.

103-108

Authors: Sami Sermaxhaj, Fitim Arifi, Jeton Nebiu, Iber Alaj

The primary goal of this research is to compare the accuracy of the collision of the ball to players of both age groups U-17 and U-19. The research was conducted on a sample of 100 young soccer players Kosovo divided into two groups: the first group comprised of 50 young players U17 and second group comprised of 50 young soccer players U-19. To assess the precision of the attack on the ball all the players they have subjected technical demonstration testing in four tests: (T-JUGGL, T-PASI, T-KROS, T-SHOOT). Through T-test method are proven differences in favor of players U-19 to U-17 in all tests of precision technical movements with the ball, but statistically significant differences are shown in the collision test at the gateway (T-SHOOT) and the test ball juggling (T-JUGGL) . The results obtained show us that more experienced players U-19 have a better precision in demonstrating the technical movements with the ball, compared to U-17 players. Assuming that the training process is very important to voice learning, mastering demonstration, acquisition, and precise technical movements with the ball, because the precision peak levels is very significant.

113-120

Authors: Izenedin Mehmeti

The aim of this paper is to summarize the different standpoints and different approaches in regard to the sport performance preparation and achievement prediction. Sports researchers are concerned more directly with learning about scientific sports prediction. Their involvement in the sport sciences focuses on understanding how sports organized and how changes in that organization might influence sports experiences for both athletes and coaches. The goal of these scholars is often to improve sport experiences and performance prediction for current participants and make sport participation more attractive and accessible for those who do not currently play sports, prospective athletes. They also may want to help athletes improve their performance, help coaches work effectively with athletes and win more games. Sports researchers intention is also to assist and help sport organizations grow and operate more efficiently and profitably, and improve sport achievement prediction.

127-133

Authors: Izenedin Mehmeti

The objective of this study is to better understand the current position of Physical education (PE) in Kosovo upper -secondary schools. The participants of this study were four PE teachers (males=3; females=1) from four secondary schools, with 5 to 42 years of PE teaching experience. This research used a qualitative approach to identify concerns, causes and possible teacher-proposed interventions to address the school –based PE issues. In-depth Interviews, document analysis and observations were the methods used to collect data. Results of the study indicates that the lack of facilities and sport equipment (Gym and sport requisites), lower priority given to PE by schools are main concerns of the PE teachers involved in Kosovo’ Education system. Currently most in-service PE teachers do not have the competencies and knowledge in teaching health and wellbeing based on the new National Curriculum Framework and according to international standards. These findings of the study can assist all Kosovo schools in identifying the importance of PE in high schools, and students’ needs in order to implement their healthy lifestyles.

140-145

Authors: Mamaj Driton, Osmani Arben, Cami Edona

Primary aim of physical and health education and of this education and upbringing activity, among other things, is to secure favorable conditions for physical education as modern civilization value and a need, in order to advance quality and effectiveness of life, and for advancement of health level especially in the adolescent phase of life, and to create opportunities for involvement of pupils in various sports. Methods: This research has the goal to evaluate importance of taxonomy analysis in the selection of pupils in sports. This means involvement of a process of measurement of morphological and motoric indicators of 26 pupils involved in sport activities in the age group of 15 years in the elementary and lower level secondary school “Faik Konica” from Prishtina and 30 pupils of age group 15 years in the elementary and lower level school „Avdulla Tahiri“ from Malishevë. 6 anthropometric variables have been applied and 4 motoric variables (Kurelić et al., 1975). Anthropometric variables applied are: body height (ATV), length of foot (ADS), body mass (ATT), volume of upper arm in down position (AONL), volume of upper leg (AONK), volume of lower leg (AOPK). Motoric variables applied were: distance jump from standing position (MFESDM), running from 30 meter distance (MTR30V), bench bending (MFLPRK), and push-ups (MSKLEK). Results: Taxonomy analysis applied demonstrates that these groups of pupils has been divided in two groups, first group composed of 22 pupils and second group of 34 pupils. Results obtained in the table using Anova discriminative analysis have verified statistical significance of the difference between these groups. Discussion: Taxonomy analysis is used in order to group, namely classify sample of students on the basis of anthropometric and motoric parameters. Goal of this analysis was to create a homogenous sub sample on the basis of given sample, one that has as more as possible of a joint morphological and motoric parameters. Obtained results demonstrate that this research has resulted in two sub-groups of homogenous nature, the second group of 34 pupils’ shows to be a group with better anthropometric and motoric parameters for selection for football. Similar results when it comes to selection have been obtained in other researches (Goletić, et al. 2012). The other group of 22 pupils has lower anthropometric and motoric parameters.

152-157

Authors: Mamaj Driton, Osmani Arben, Cami Edona

In the education system of Kosova, frequent changes that have occurred in last 14 years, have demonstrated that the education system has tried to adjust to economic, social and cultural changes, etc. As these changes have not been studied well, they have influenced and are still influencing organization of physical education in schools as regards their quality and quantity. These changes have not provided desired results and are often regarded as experiments. Methods: When defining the time, this study has longitudinal empirical character and consists of two measures, the morphological and motoric indicators in the pupils of primary school and lower secondary school “Faik Konica”. This study involved 26 pupils in the age group of 15 years. 6 anthropometric and 4 motoric variables have been applied (Kurelić et al, 1975). Anthropometric variables included: body height (ATV), length of foot (ADS), body mass (ATT), volume of upper arm in down position (AONL), volume of tight (AONK), volume of lower leg (AOPK). Motoric variables included: standing distance jump (MFESDM), 30 meters distance running (MTR30V), bench bending (MFLPRK) and push-ups (MSKLEK). For data analysis t-test for dependent sample has been used. Results: Basic statistical parameters of the obtained results before and after the application of additional class of physical education indicate that the results have normal distribution, have no visible asymmetry and have tendency toward higher values of distribution (epikurtic). T-test analysis for dependent variable demonstrates that the obtained differences within all variables in the groups are statistically significant. Discussion: Physical activities and body exercises during sport education classes of three times per week have visible influence in development of morphologic parameters and motoric skills of pupils. Differences obtained based on the t-test analysis demonstrate a strong statistical difference for all variables applied, anthropometric and motoric for the value of p<0.05. It is well known that body activity has positive influence on health of pupils and represents significant factor for improvement of health. Therefore it is necessary to use different possibilities that sport offers so that the biggest number of pupils can find interest and motivation for voluntary involvement in some type of physical activity (Rusch and Weineck 1998).

161-164

Authors: Rabit Veseli, Arianit Morina, Musa Selimi, Nazim Myrtaj, Afrim Selimi

The game of volleyball with its dynamic character is present in the world of the sport with permanent development and growing popularity and fans. Volleyball is part of a pollystructural complex sports activities. It is performed on a ground of a relatively small size (18 x 9 meters) and is a kind of game that requires of players a high level of advanced motoric abilities (speed, strength, endurance, a fast rate of visual reaction, explosivity), as well as specific motoric skills (precision etc.). Scientific conclusion as well as the growing number of conducted researches in the very game, have a real contribution to its modern development and level of popularity. Situation-motoric skills make a significant dimension in the structure of volleyball game. The subject of the research is specific-motoric abilities and situation-motoric skills of 52 volleyball players aged from 16 to 17. The basic goal of the research is to establish the effect of specificmotoric abilities on situation-motoric skills of volleyball players in latent space. In order to assess the specific-motoric abilities 9 tests are used, and to assess the situationmotoric skills 3 precision tests are used. The results obtained from the 12 applied tests are worked out through the basic statistic parameters. Through component factor analysis 3 latent specific-motoric dimensions are isolated as well as one situationmotoric dimension. By regressive analysis there is established a low but statistically significant relation between the criterion and predictor latent dimensions. That confirms the dependence and relation between the specific-motoric abilities and situationmotoric skills. Researches in the fi eld of similar questions have been conducted by the following authors: Jurko et al., 2013 and Nešić, et al., 2011.

169-175

Authors: Miroslav Smajić, Tiana Kuljanin, Milica Savić, Ksenija Korać, Goran Vasić

The success in volleyball certainly depends on the morphological characteristics of the formed volleyball players, of which the basic body height and weight, which can be valorized in view of the current age of volleyball players (Marelić et al, 2008). As in all sports activities, as well as volleyball, no technical element can not be performed without adequate motor abilities and fully manifested without rational techniques of performing motion. The aim of this research is to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between certain anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities in relation to the agility of an isolated motor abilities that are the subject of this research. Methods: In a sample of 16 selected girls aged 14 to 16 years (cadet age) participating in the camp Becej 2006, were measured two anthropometric measures for evaluation of morphological characteristics, three tests for evaluation of motor abilities (both as predictor) and two tests for assessing agility (as criterion). The influence of some anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities on agility in young female volleyball players lities was performed by regression analysis. Results: It can be concluded that the system applied predictor variables showed no statistically significant association with variable Japan test, while the variable Jelka test a statistically significant correlation. Discussion: Based on the overall analysis of the obtained results it was discovered that the explosive power (long jump from the place) and the speed of individual movements (hand tapping) have a high level of correlation with agility were detected in female volleyball players, which is based on previous research (Vukovic, 1989) was and expected. Similar results were also other researchers (Webb and Lander, 1983; Negrete and Brophy, 2000).

182-188

Authors: Miroslav Smajić, Ksenija Korać, Nebojša Čokorilo, Milica Savić, Tiana Kuljanin, Bogdan Tomić

An interdisciplinary approach to solving the problem of dealing with top tennis is becoming increasingly a requirement for further development and planning of the sport, because without cooperation with other sciences, comparing results between groups and individuals, there is no possibility of achieving top results (Roetert, 2003). The aim of the research is to determine the difference between a tennis player Wawrinka and Nadal finalist of Australian Open in 2014 in the singlel competition. Methods: A sample of entities represented the seven matches and their statistics for the two tennis players, Wawrinka and Nadal with the last Australian Open is played open in tennis men’s single competition. As a sample of observed parameters given of the 12 statistical indicators. Statistically significant difference between the two tennis players was analyzed by t-test. Results: Based on the analyzed parameters can be concluded that statistically significant differences in parameter Number of achieved aces, where Wawrinka was on average better for a little over nine aces per game (9.27 aces), in parameter Number of winners in the match, he was better for an average of 22.5 winners, while Nadal average was better in the parameter Percent of the loaded first service for 11.67% compared to Wawrinka. Discussion: Results of the research are somewhat consistent with the results of research carried out where it was determined that the statistical differences between the winners and losers are reflected in the following variables: the number of total points won, the number of unforced errors, the number of won winners, and there was no statistically significant difference in the variable number of double faults (Klassen et al, 2001).

194-200

Authors: Radovan Čokorilo

Leadership is the most important factor of the structure and dynamics of each organised group. In the broadest sense of the word it is studied as an interactive process which affects individuals and groups in terms of implementation of the set goals. Leadership affects orientation of a group, exchange of information, decision making, establishment of interpersonal relations, people’s motivation, etc. One should make a difference between a leader and a manager who is primarily in charge of planning, organisation, budget, assistant personnel etc. Even though leaders sometimes have the same obligations, leadership involves the skill of vision embodiment and not only a specific style of behaviour. Methods: It is primarily used descriptive, analytical and synthetic methods by which we critically anlizirali phenomenon of leadership in the sports group and different approaches in his study. In connection with this leadership was observed as an important multidimensional conditioned interactive process in the sports group. Results: Summative results of different approaches to analysis of leadership in sport have shown that no single approach can be labelled as the best one however, understanding advantages of each one of them enables us to understand better the thing that makes leadership successful. The most important proven factors of efficient leadership are leader’s quality, followers’ quality, situational factor and leadership style. Discussion: The most important quality leaders have proven integrity, flexibility, responsibility, self-discipline and patience. They should be viewed in the context of democratic and autocratic style of leadership. Situational and environmental factors (type of sport, the number of teams, team interactivity ...) determine the importance of certain personality traits and leadership style choice. Finally, the quality of group members largely determines the success of a leader. The need for blending style leaders and participants highlighted the importance of the interaction processes for successful leadership.

206-210

Authors: Dafinë Ibrahimi-Kaçuri, Shkurta Rrecaj-Malaj, Besir Shaqiri

Introduction: Physical exercise can be helpful for patients with chronic low back pain to return to work and to normal activities. Application of regular exercise 3- 4 a week is the best solution for reducing the pain of back. Low back pain pose significant problem in clinics and public health. It presents one of the main problems with adults, since 70-80% of adults face this problem at least once in their life. The aims of this study is to define: is the obesity one of factors which prolong the healing time in rehabilitation of physical therapy? Materials and Methodology: This study has been conducted in Physiatry Service of the Institution of Occupational Medicine, in a one year timeframe. The total was 101 patients that were employed with Kosovo Energy Corporation (KEK). The study was long-term and retrospective, whereas the material was gathered particularly. The patients were treated with physical therapy in IMP , all of 101 patients have applied physical therapy. Results – from 101 sick individuals from the research, based on the body weight index, 69.3% are classified as non-obese and 30.7% obese. There are no major statistical differences found in comparison between the groups in relation to age, job position, pain localization, sick leave and radiography. With the T-Test we have found a difference with high statistical significance between the average number of applied physical therapy sessions in relation to examined groups (T-Test=2.78, P=0.0065, so, P<0.01). Conclusion: Obesity and age have no direct influence in the back pain, but affects in prolonging healing. Loss of weight helps in treating with physical therapy the sick suffering from ostemuscular problems, also psycho-social factors affect in prolonging the healing process.

218-224

Authors: Engin Sagdilek, Senay Sahin

Talents are extraordinary but not completely developed characteristics in a field. These attributes cover a relatively wide range in sports. Tests perused in selection of athletes are generally motoric sports tests and measure predominantly conditional attributes. It is known that in sports, performance is related to cognitive skills as well as physical features and motor skills. This study explored a new method that could be utilized in the selection and tracking the level of improvement of athletes, and evaluate their attention, perception and learning levels, on athlete and other female students. 9 female table tennis athletes that trained for 16 hours per week for the last 5 years and 9 female students that never played in any sports, aged between 10 and 14 years, were participated in our study. For the Selective Action Array, developed for this study, a table tennis robot was utilized. Robot was set up to send a total of 26 balls in 3 different colors (6 whites, 10 yellows, 10 pinks) to different areas of the table, in random colors and at the rate of 90 balls per minute. The participants were asked to ignore the white balls, to touch the yellow balls and to grab the pink balls using their dominant hands. Pursuant to explaining the task to the participants, two consecutive trials were executed and recorded using a camera. Every action performed/not performed by the participants was transformed into points in the scoring system. First trial total points in the Selective Action Array were 104±17 for athletes and 102±19 for non-athletes, whereas on the second trial total points were 122±11 and 105±20, respectively. The higher scores obtained in the second trial were significant for the athletes; the difference in the scores for non-athletes was minor. Non-athletes scored 33% better for the white balls as compared to the table tennis athletes. For the yellow balls, athletes and non-athletes scored similar points on the first trial, whereas the athletes improved their points around 20%, while no improvement was observed for the non-athletes. Non-athletes scored the worst points for the pink balls and during the second trial a minor decrease in their points was observed. Table tennis athletes demonstrated the highest improvement in points in the second trial for the pink balls. The findings of the selective action array developed for this study showed that in the first phase, and especially in sports played using rackets, the development of the sustenance of attention and visual perception could be attained rapidly. Thus, by making changes in the number and color of the balls as well as differences in actions to be taken, this method could be a new approach to be used for other sports to include the cognitive attributes in selection process of the athletes.

229-232

Authors: Bahri Gjinovci, Malsor Gjonbalaj, Besnik Morina, Florian Miftari

The aim of this study was to verify the current status of accuracy in volleyball for the students of the faculty of physical education and sports of the University of Prishtina, all the students have successfully passed the exam in volleyball. Also, another aim was to observe whether there are significant statistical differences between both generations of students. In the study were included 70 students (35 from the second academic year and 35 from the fourth academic year). To achieve the aim, were applied standard tests of accuracy in volleyball, such as the following: overhand pass, underhand pass, as well as underhand serve on the six positions and float (tactic) serve on three positions. From the basic statistical parameters, it has been noticed that grouping of results from the students of forth academic year are more homogenous, and for this group showed that results are better than at students of first year of studying. While, in the variables is noticed that there are changes into the favour of students of fourth academic year, it has also been noticed that standard deviation is smaller with this group, which shows even more homogenous groups, for example, SFIP group 1 mean 21.65 ±6.48 SD, gr.2 mean 23.68 ±5.76 SD. The obtained results from T-test shows significant statistical changes in both applied tests. The best obtained results are a derivate of continuous professional work, as well as result of “selection”, due to continuous testing and completion of both exams of hand sports and volleyball as an elective subject.

239-244

Authors: Tatjana Stanovcic, Sanja Pekovic, Aleksandar Celebic, Olivera Simovic

The tourists’ spending is considered as one of the most important variables in the economic analysis of a destination’s tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine what type of sport activities influence better sport tourists’ spending in Montenegro. Working on the sample of 197 tourist, our findings indicate that mount-ain related sport activities such as mountaineering, mountinbiking, rafting and kayaking influence positively sport tourists’ spending during their stay in Montenegro more than water beach sport activities. The contribution of this research is providing several possible directions for both destination and sport managers to improve existing sport activities related to mountain sport as well as to significantly improve beach sport activities in order increase the value and amounts generated by sport activities.

252-255

Authors: Iber Alaj, Fitim Arifi, Zenel Metaj, Leonard Cula, Jeton Nebiu, Sami Sermaxhaj

The purpose of the research has to do with the defining the differences in anthropometric variables and motor assessment skills of the female cadets between KHF. “ Prishtina“ from Prishtina and Khf Vëllaznimi, from Gjakova. - The primary goal of this research is to certify differences of anthropometric and motor skills characteristics of female cadets of KHF.“Prishtina“ and Khf Vëllaznimi also to be verified the parameters that affect in development and their training for handball game. Besides this should be verified what impact had the implementation of program and teaching process of motor activities in the development of anthropometric characteristics, motor skills or the successful placement of Kosovo super league competitions in handball. Based on the importance of this paper to present the differences that exist between these two clubs in anthropometric and motor space, we have achieved that through the analysis of T-test we can verify these differences that are more significant in favour of FHC Prishtina which is in the top of the table and that during the week organizes 5 trainings and one official game during the weekend, larger differences were presented in anthropometric space in three variables where more successful were players of the Prishtina team in the variables of Body weight, Body height, and Length of palm, whereas in motor space in favor of FHC Prishtina are presented in the testings of explosive force as in high jump from place and length jump from place and in the test of zigzag running from 6 meters to 9 meters.

262-269

Authors: Stevo Popović, Radenko Matić, Rajko Milašinović, Rašid Hadžić, Zoran Milošević, Duško Bjelica

Unlike other advertising mediums such as TV commercials or online advertising, people involuntarily receive sport advertisements; they prefer to watch the game for the sporting action than the regular advertisements (Pyun, 2006; Pyun & James, 2009). However, it is important to analyse their general attitudes among various questions, mostly due to the reason it varies from demographic group to demographic group (Popović et al., 2011). Hence, this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Serbian consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often consumers purchase sporting goods. Methods: The sample included 127 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: onsumers who do not purchase sport goods at all, then consumers who purchase sport goods less than ones a month, next 1–3 a month, 4–6 a month, 7–9 a month, as well as consumers who purchase sport goods more than 10 times a months. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modeled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Results: Based on the results it was concluded that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between two of three variables at univariate level (p=.05). It is interesting to highlight that most of potential consumers (n=99) have recognized themselves in two categories: as consumers who purchase sport goods less than ones a months and one to three times a months, while there were no diffrences among the groups. Discussion: If we take a look into previous investigations, it is interesting there are some opposite results (Popović, 2011), and the recommnedations for further research are directed to spead out the sample a little bit more, mostly due to the reason the consumers who had a more negative attitudes were in the group that didn’t purchase the sport goods at all (Popović, 2011)

277-282

Authors: Marija Bubanja, Dobrislav Vujović, Gabriela Doina Tanase, Rašid Hadžić, Rajko Milašinović

Anthropologists recognized the tallness of nations in the Dinaric Alps long time ago (Popovic et al, 2013). As the modern Montenegrins fall partly into the Dinaric racial classification (Bjelica et al., 2012), the purpose of this study was to examine the body height in Montenegrin female adolescents from central region as well as the relationship between arm span as an alternative to estimating the body height, which would vary from region to region in Montenegro. Method: Our investigation analyses 593 female adolescents from the central region in Montenegro. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Means and standard deviations regarding the anthropometric measurements were obtained. A comparison of means of body heights and arm spans within this gender group were carried out using a t-test. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the extent to which the arm span can reliably predict body height. Results: The results displayed that female Central-Montenegrins are 169.24±11.61cm tall and have an arm span of 168.03±10.34cm. Discussion: Compared to other studies, the results of this study have shown that this gender made Central- Macedonians the tall population, taller than general female population in Montenegro (Bjelica et al., 2012). On the other hand, expectably, the arm span reliably predicts body height in this gender. However, the estimation equations which have been obtained in Central-Montenegrins are, different alike in general population, since arm span was shorter than the body heights (1.21±1.27 centimetres), much more than in general population (Bjelica et al., 2012). This confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Montenegro.

289-294

Authors: Hasim Rushiti, Florian Miftari, Besim Halilaj

The approach and the objective of this experiment are consistent with the determination of changes of blood parameters after the stay of the students at an altitude of 1800-2300 meters, for a ten-day long ski course. In this paper are included a total of 64 students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences in Prishtina, of the age group of 19-25 (the average age is 21). All students previously have undergone a medical check for TA, arterial pulse and respiratory rate. In particular, the health situation is of subjects was examined, then, all students, at the same time, gave blood for analysis. In this experiment, three main hematologic parameters were taken in consideration: such as hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells. The same analyses were carried out after the 10-day stay at a high altitude. The results of the experiment have shown significant changes after the ten-day stay at high altitude, despite the previous results that show changes only after the twenty-day stay in such elevations.

301-306

Authors: Dragan Krivokapić, Duško Bjelica

The Berlin Congress has been one of the gr eatest events in the European history since the nineteen century and its decisions founded one of the most important dates in the history of Montenegro, which definitely solve the question of its international sta- tus. By decisions made at the Berlin Cong ress, Montenegro became the internationally recognized country in the world on the 13 th July 1878. In that time period, for achie- ving international recognition of Montenegrin statehood, it comes to intensifying of diplomatic activity with European countries, which has extremely contributed to mo- dernization of our country and sports development in it. Focus of Montenegro towards east and west was suitable for breakthrough of sports movement in here. Many activiti- es got a real form and preconditions for more intensive development. We used histori- cal method in this paper, as an aggregate of research procedures on events happened in the past. The most important sources of the data were the newspapers: Cetinjski vje- snik, then Ustavnost, Onogošt as well as some occasional publications. In the National Museum in Cetinje it is possible to find some data on teaching plans and programs for Montenegrin schools which at that time had a teaching program for subject called Gymnastics and military practicing, which was an independent subject in elementary and secondary schools. The capital of M ontenegro, Cetinje, had an accelerated deve- lopment in that time period thanks to intensive diplomatic activities with European countries. Many sports clubs and associations were founded. We must emphasize that the first golf club in Montenegro was founded in Cetinje in 1906. This important event has completed a rich sports history of Montenegro, whose space had been already ta- ken by a wave of modern sports, such as ice skating, tennis, football, swordplay, ska- ting, etc

313-319

Authors: Dragan Krivokapić, Olivera Krivokapić

In developed countries chronological age from 65 is often mentioned as age limit when elderly age begins, and which is featured by significant changes in organic functions as well as social relations. Thanks to qualitative medical care and contemporary ways of treatment, an average lifetime has been prolonged. Therefore, according to some data in developed countries of Western Europe, each fourth inhabitant is older than 65. However, there psychophysical abilities are very weak, and health is bad, which directly influences reduction in life quality. Adapted physical activities in water adjusted to abilities and health state of elderly people give a series of advantages in comparison to exercises that can be done outside water. For that reason, in those conditions effect of gravity is reduced, so PTO-skeletal system suffers a lot less burden than at practicing on dry. Taking into account that postural system with elderly people is often damaged, great advantage at exercising in water enables horizontal position that a person takes. That beneficially influences first of all the spinal cord, which is in horizontal position disburdened from gravity influence which beneficially affects spinal disease. Results of numerous researches indicate that swimming harmonically burdens organism so that almost all musculature of upper and lower extremities, belly and pelvis area. Swimming accelerates blood circulation, heart gets more blood which directly affects increase in minute volume. Eventually it all brings to fortification of heart muscle and more permanent increase of its functional abilities. Possibility of precise dosing of burden in swimming enables excellent way of therapy with elderly people and those with damaged heart. Besides, activated musculature enables fast relaxation of organism and restore of all vital cardio respiratory functions to the level of standard work ability of a man. Key words: adapted training, psychophysical status, elderly people.

329-336

Authors: Slobodan Andrašić, Darijan Ujsasi, Dejan Orlić, Milan Cvetković

Improper postures due to the weakened structure of postural muscles, detected during the period of growth and development, especially those discovered at an early age, can be corrected with additional programs of physical exercise. Early, i.e. timely diagnosis is the most important element of successful treatment (Paušić, 2007) of physical deformities. Method: In a sample of 60 female volleyball players of ŽOK “CEV” from Sombor, which were divided into three subsamples based on age (8-10 years, 11-13 years and 14-16 years) the evaluation of postural status was performed using a modified method of Napoleon Wolanski according to Radosavljević (2001). Condition of individual body segments was expressed in percentage and numerically. For further statistical analysis of the data a nonparametric chi-square test was used, namely Cross-tabulation. Results: The results of the chi-square test indicated a statistically significant differences between the groups tested regarding the variable Deviation of the spine in the frontal plane (p=0.03) in favor of young female volleyball players. Regarding other studied variables of postural status no statistically significant differences were observed. Discussion: Female volleyball players from the first tested group are exposed to the training of basic technical elements (playing the ball with fingers and digging), and can be assumed that at their age, factors of proper physical posture were not primarily influenced by certain kinesiological operators (exercises). Girls at this age are faced with the basic elements of volleyball that are proven to help in the development of proper body posture (Grigoris, Malousaris, Nikolaos, Bergeles, Barzouka & George, 2006), but during training girls do not perform properly some elements which results in frequent repetition of errors which can lead to irregular body posture (perhaps only in a certain number of female volleyball players as was the case in this paper). In addition, during the performance of certain technical elements (forearm play, digging) where kyphotic body posture is emphasized, it can lead to a negative impact on the correct posture in such children. This study included children of different age with changes in shoulder-spatula region, but the percentage of those children was very small and negligible.

345-349

Authors: Josip Lepeš, Szabolcs Halasi, Aliz Bohner-Beke

Physical activity contributes to physical, mental and social health and improves the quality of life of people of all ages. Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are a public health problems in Serbia. The purpose of study was to collect a data from students of Teachers’ Training Faculty on Hungarian (TTFH) in Subotica about behaving at their free time, focusing on physical activities and sedentary behavior.The TTFH carried out a survey to assess the leisure time habits of their students in academic year 2013/2014. This study included a total of 116 voluntary undergraduated students (male:23, female:93). The questionnaire included 31 items, distributed in 5 blocks: descriptive data (3 items), healthy habits (5 items), feeding habits (5 items), sedentary behavior (14 items) and unhealthy behaviors (4 items). The anthropometric measures body mass and body height were taken using standard procedures and instruments, and accordingly, BMI (height/weight2) values were calculated. Surveyed male students reported greater participation in healthy habits than did female students, and they also spent more time with sedentary behavior, but the difference weren’t significant. Students spent little time on physical activities in their free time and a lot of time with sedentary behaviour. It has to be changed, because by time they will become teachers and if they are bad examples to children we can’t expect from the society to be healthier Key words: leisure time, physical activity, students

355-360

Authors: Jovan Gardašević, Duško Bjelica, Stevo Popović

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the agility with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. Methods: According to the time orientation this was a longitudinal study with the aim to define in a two timely different points a quantitative changes of the agility under the influence of the programmed football training with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed training process, which involved a summer preparation period of forty-two days. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the agility three tests have been used: running with change of direction under the angle of ninety degrees, winding running and pin running 10x5m. In the area of comparative statistics, for determining differences in the variables used to estimate the agility at the beginning (initial state) and at the end (final state) training program in the preparation period we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. Results: Based on the numerical values of the t-test it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the agility. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of situational-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. Discussion: In this research the authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period, where dominates the situational model training is very effective in terms of raising the agility level with fifteen years old, because the model that is used in this training period abounds in exercises in which dominates change of direction with and without the ball. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population. References: Bajramovic I, Talovic M, Alic H, Jeleskovic E (2008). Nivo kvantitativnih promjena specificno–motorickih sposobnosti nogometasa pod uticajem situacionog treninga, Sport Mont, (15, 16, 17./VI), 104–109. Bjelica D (2003). Uticaj fudbalskog treninga na biomotorni status kadeta Crne Gore, Doktorska disertacija, Fakultet sporta i fizickog vaspitanja Univerziteta u Beogradu. Bjelica D (2004). Zavisnost tjelesnih sposobnosti od sportskog treninga kod populacije fudbalskih kadeta Crne Gore, Sport Mont, (4/II), 58-71. Bjelica D (2005). Sportski trening i njegov uticaj na antropomotoricke sposobnosti fudbalera cetrnaestogodisnjaka mediteranske regije u Crnoj Gori, Sport Mont, (8-9), 26-41. Michels R (2001). Teamcoaching: Der Weg zum erfolg durch Teambuilding, Bpf Versand-onli Verlag.

369-376

Authors: Rašid Hadžić, Duško Bjelica, Dobrislav Vujović, Stevo Popović

This research analyzes the techniques involved in basic winding in relation to motor abilities of subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the technique of primary windings in relation to motor ablities of subjects. Methods: In a sample of 30 students, average age 22 years, male, measuring by 6 measures of motor abilities and one situational-motor test was carried out. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 version. Results and discussion: Alpine skiing technique was assessed through primary windings, the technical element of skiing which is present in the basic form of skiing. Based on these results, we can conclude that, the differences are established and boundaries are clearly defined in the level of adoption of the basic winding techniques between subsamples in relation to motor ablities