European Researcher. Series A

209-222

Authors: Alexander Fedorov, Anastasia Levitskaya, Olga Gorbatkova

Analysis of the questionnaire on the theme “School and university in the mirror of audiovisual media texts” shows that only one third of students demonstrate a high level of the motivational indicator of media competence development. The indicator implies a wide range of genre, thematic, emotional, gnoseological, hedonistic, intellectual, psychological, creative, aesthetic motives (including: the choice of a diverse genre and thematic spectrum of media texts with the mandatory inclusion of non-entertainment genres; the pursuit of philosophical/intellectual/aesthetic dispute or dialogue with the creators of media text, criticism of their position, identification, empathy, striving for aesthetic impressions, obtaining new information, confirming their own competence in various spheres of life and media culture, searching for materials for educational, scientific, research purposes etc.). Approximately half of the students surveyed exhibit an average level of motivation, and about 20 % of students are focused exclusively on entertainment media. Analysis of students' answers to questions revealing their levels of information index of media competence in relation to audiovisual media texts on school and university topics shows that approximately 15 % of students in two groups find themselves on a relatively high level, about a third of the audience – an average level, while the rest of the audience (52 %) – low. None of the students surveyed demonstrate a high level of interpretation (analytical, evaluative) indicator of media competence in relation to audiovisual media texts on the subject of school and university. The average level of analytical skills is exhibited by less than 5% of respondents.

230-236

Authors: Shogofa Sahar, Filiz Katman

This article examines the issue of Afghan peace from the perspective of Afghan women with regard to regional convergence. The research method of this article is descriptive using library resources. It is the belief of Afghan women to adopt strategic regional strategies to secure peace in Afghanistan. Regional convergence and cooperation, which is one of the strategies for enabling peace in Afghanistan, believes Afghan women can secure peace in Afghanistan and the region. They believe that the peace of Afghanistan is the peace of the region, because the focus of regional and global actors on Afghanistan and its geostrategic position has given rise to any disturbances first in Afghanistan and later in the region. Years of insecurity and disorder in Afghanistan are the most appropriate ground for the supporters of terrorism. Eventually, regional actors exploited structural insecurity and instability in Afghanistan and pursued their hegemonic demands in the region by financing terrorism and developing insecurity in Afghanistan. In this context, Afghan women argue that the best solution to tackling insecurity and suppressing terrorism is regional convergence and cooperation.

134-140

Authors: Sadruddin Ebrahimi, Filiz Katman

In recent decades, many countries have tended to use soft power as an influential tool in their foreign policies. A power that emphasizes the use of tools to create attractiveness for influencing and increasing authority in other countries. In the era of interdependence, the Islamic Republic of Iran is aware of the importance of soft power. Therefore, it takes the maximum advantage of using tools such as religion, culture and ideology in order to exercise its power over the regional countries. Specifically, the ideology of Islamic Revolution is one of the key tools that Iran uses to influence its neighboring countries. After the Islamic Revolution, Iran has been in search of new tools in order to promote its position in the Middle East; hence, it has attempted to transform every single tool as a form of soft power in order to speed up the process. In this paper, we tried to investigate the role of soft power and religion in Iran’s current position in the region. Our findings indicate that the usage of soft power has a huge impact on the current position of Iran. Particularly, religion – as a key tool of soft power – has played an important role in consolidating and promoting the regional status of the country. In the field of culture and religion, Iran has many commonalties with the regional counties. The usage of concepts such as; denial of foreign domination, Islamic justice and the unification of religion and politics has had a big impact on its usage of soft power. Therefore, Iran has used soft power as a key tool in its foreign policy in order to expand its influence in the region.

148-155

Authors: Sribas Goswami

Thepresent study is related to the problems of land acquisition for new industrial establishment, mining-induced displacement and resettlement occurring in different regions of West Bengal, India as a highly diverse regional socioeconomic issue. The study finds the source of challenges to public law and institutions providing humanitarian assistance as well as a matter of deep concern for human rights. This study also finds various dimensions of bulk land acquisition cases in Southern Bengal and problems associated with it. Thus, the land acquisition due to coal mining is increasingly becoming a coercive operation lacking in sensitivity to human consequences involved in trail if devastation and trauma it leaves behind. The piece of work probes into the deep of land acquisition policy of state government and people’s reaction on land acquisition for establishment of new industry as well as extension of existing industry. The findings focus on various dimensions of bulk land acquisition cases in Southern Bengal and problems associated with it.

163-177

Authors: Zhiyan Hassan, Filiz Katman

This paper is focused on an overview of Northern Iraq relations with Turkey, especially in terms of its geopolitical potentials, on those fields like geographical, political and economic challenges. It portrays and examines the main essence of relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq. It tries to answer the questions of how economic relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq affect each country. It explores the political, economic and geographical aspects which foster the relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq. It equally shows the energy aspect as the key instrument in building relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq. Northern Iraqi government begins to strengthen the relationship with all neighbors. It is due to the Northern Iraq’s geographical position, especially its importance for tourists, so, a lot of people are interested in Northern Iraq, number of businessmen from the neighbor countries especially from Turkey come to Ibrahim Khalil custom. Northern Iraqi region is rich in terms of natural sources such as oil, gas and many minerals, so, this leads for having good relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq. ISIS fighting in Northern Iraq interrupts relations between Erbil and Baghdad and causes economic downfall in the region, but it has an impact on Turkey and Northern Iraq relations in exporting oil and in the near future exporting natural gas from Northern Iraq to Turkey and to the other countries. This thesis consists of four main sections. The first chapter, as an introductory chapter, is focused on main research question, sub-questions and characteristics and research technique of the paper. Second chapter deals with the impact of geography on the relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq. The third chapter informs about political position of the Northern Iraq and its impacts on the relations with Turkey and the referendum in North of Iraq. In the fourth chapter, energy reserves in the Northern Iraq and its impacts on the relations with Turkey will be analyzed. In the conclusion, various aspects of the Turkey-Northern Iraq relations are revealed.

187-195

Authors: Sri Wulandari

In eradicating corruption crimes, society’s aspirations are needed and have an important role as social control. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify efforts to prevent and eradicate corruption while upholding human rights and the interests of society. This research was conducted using qualitative descriptive methods. In legal research, it generally applies statute approach, case approach, historical approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. Based on Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law No. 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes, corruption was expressly formulated as formal crime. It means that even though the results of corruption have been returned to the state, the perpetrators of corruption will still be brought to justice and the judicial process applies the burden of reverse proof that is limited or balanced. It turns out that, in this Law, the defendant’s statement is not a strong evidence because it only becomes a supporting tool to the existing evidence. This provision has become a weakness in eradicating corruption crimes because the position of the defendant’s strong statement will be a valid evidence and a legal basis for the judge to impose a criminal sentence.

78-85

Authors: Aida Bidžan-Gekić, Haris Gekić, Lejla Žunić

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place of meeting of different peoples and religions, which has contributed, according to the religious and cultural heritage, to be one of the richest countries in Europe. Four large religious communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina have significant shrines that are visited by tourists from all over the world, although neither the entities nor the states have a strategy for promoting religious tourism. In this paper we will present the representation of religious objects and manifestations of West Herzegovina tourism-geographic region, their tourist valorization and proposal in order to improve this specific form of tourism.

94-100

Authors: Ketevan Gigashvili, Tea Tvalavadze, George Kalandadze, Esma Mania

Georgia, like many other cultural countries, has passed a long way from the oral culture to the written one and now it has been on the stage of digital culture. This long way includes all aspects of social, intellectual or spiritual lives of Georgia and Georgian people. The goal of the research is to examine the state of exploring the Georgian written cultural heritage before and after emerging of the new technologies and show how much it is ready to overcome the challenges of the digital culture. The paper emphasizes that, alongside with the internal favorable conditions, the strong cultural links with the Eastern and Western countries in the ancient and Middle Ages conditioned the high level of the Georgian written culture. In the period of the Soviet era, the cultural and scientific dialogue with the West was interrupted, which was recovered after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, the new technologies created the new perspectives for research and the new challenges emerged before the Georgian scientists – to implement the technology-based methods in researches. By reviewing some scientific projects, carried out or running by the Georgian researchers, the paper sheds light on how the Georgian scientists overcame the existing problems and what problems they are facing in the epoch of digital culture.

110-124

Authors: Anastasia Levitskaya, Lyudmila Seliverstova

The article is devoted to the analysis of German-language audiovisual media texts on school theme that were screened in Germany from the end of the Second World War to the present time by a method of comparative hermeneutic analysis. The analysis let find out that in the post-war period filmmakers sought to improve the social climate in society, to return to the pedagogical traditions of the Weimar Republic, to create a desired ideal image of student-teacher relationships, and tried to smooth the acute problems of the generation growing up in the post-war defeated Germany. An ideal teacher was portrayed as an adult that children can trust. In the period of the divided Germany, films about school reflected sensitive social challenges: misunderstanding of generations (parents vs. children), the search for opportunities to atone for the Nazi past for crimes against humanity through their recognition and condemnation. In films, rebellious moods were shown both in relation to authoritarian pedagogy and hypocritical sexual morality. Modern German cinema clearly communicates young people's mindset to search self, to identify one's place in life and society. Teachers are depicted as people above all, human beings with their personal worries and aspirations, experiencing moments of success and failure.

4-15

Authors: Ezatullah Afzali, Filiz Katman

This paper is focused on the impact of the Taliban’s reappearance on the foreign policy of Afghanistan towards Pakistan during Hamid Karzai’s period. It tries to answer the questions of ‘what impactful factors have determined Afghan foreign policy towards Pakistan’ and ‘how Islamic fundamentalism is used as a soft power instrument of Pakistan foreign policy towards Afghanistan’.In other words, it explores more the political and historical developments in Afghanistan within the designated periods-from 1947 to 2001 and the latter being 2001 to 2014. This paper consists of three main sections. The first section presents historical background of Afghanistan’s foreign policy toward Pakistan in consideration with the international developments such as Cold War and 9/11 events with a brief overview of the relations of the two countries. Furthermore in this section it attempts to explain the Durand Line and Pashtonistan problem as the main factors that have influenced the two nation’s relations.However, in the following years, while maintaining the real problem, new problems emerged. Such new problems include the Taliban group, India-Afghan relations, Transit problems and Water sharing problem. The second section presents the impact of Taliban reappearance as the most influential factors on Afghanistan's foreign policy on Pakistan in Hamid Karzai's period,especially in explaining the role of Taliban group as soft power instrument of Pakistan’s foreign policy toward Afghanistan. Furthermore, it attempts to explain the impact of what is termed as 'Pakistani double game' on the Afghanistan's peace process. It discusses Pakistan since her establishment has exercised political intervention in the Afghanistan internal affairs, as an approach in overcoming the controversial problems between the two nations. In conclusion, analysis on how the post reappearance of the Taliban served to worsen the two neighboring nations' already weak relations are provided. Pakistan's evil foreign policy following the 9/11 September has further fragmented the weak relations with Afghanistan.

27-37

Authors: Olga Gorbatkova

This article is the first attempt to carry out hermeneutic analysis of horror films of English-speaking countries on the school-university topic. The author draws attention to the fact that the degree of reflection in the storylines of the set of student-school problems is determined by the socio-cultural and political context. Since 1970s–1980s there was a tendency of quantitative growth of horror films on the theme of school and university, specifically designed for teenage and youth audience, where students appeared as characters. The conceptual basis of the horrors of the school-university thematic segment of the English-speaking countries in the period before the 1960s and the following decades was radically different. Since the 1970s, the motives of violence, cruelty, inhumanity, sexuality have become leading. In subsequent years and to the present, these areas do not lose their relevance, but rather are modified, becoming more pronounced. Most of the horrors 1970s – 1980s contained screen violence is much less than in the 1990s. The school topic’s horrors of the 1990s used the current youth jargon and introduced into the plot of modern technology (special computer effects, such as mobile phone and Internet). In the XXI century the horror films of the English-speaking countries on the school-student theme identified several key trends: remakes; ultra violence; cyber terrorism and harassment in the network. Educational process in the English-language horrors on the topic of school and university is not important, the aspirations of students on the one hand are aimed at rest, fun, dissolute lifestyle, and on the other – at physical and psychological violence, crime, bullying, etc. Such audiovisual media texts do not always give the images of teachers and students in a positive way, however, like the entire educational process as a whole.

50-58

Authors: Shno Muhammed Khalnd, Filiz Katman

This paper is focused on an overview of the main impact of ethno-politics in Iraq, recalling the fact that politics was rebuilt with respect to religious and ethnic lines and political alliances were reshaped over these set lines. Withdrawal of American troops and internal differences of Iraqi parties triggered political balances, which are not limited into just sectarian and ethnic bases. The political and strategic effort of Arab Spring and internal power struggle among Iraqi political groups entered into a new phase in politics. The rising challenges of ethno-politically inspired conflicts in IR discipline are neither new nor unexpected. Different scholars of ethno-political studies in IR discipline have suggested different approaches to addressing ethnic inspired conflicts, which sometimes arises as a result of quest for self-determination especially when there is a growing consciousness of nationhood. These approaches include confederation, federation and political autonomy. However, most of these theories have failed to explain whether the aspiring ethno nation’s involved feels accommodated with the institutional arrangements of each approach.

66-74

Authors: Luan Nguyen Thanh

This research focuses on analyzing scopes of Land Law 2013 about enterprises in using Vietnamese agricultural land nowadays with following contents: land using forms; incentives and support of The State for enterprises in assessing and using agricultural land. Besides, it also researches and clarifies the limitations raised from the reality of implementing these scopes and then recommends to complete Land Law 2013 in the way which will make the more advantageous condition for enterprises in accessing, using agricultural land with a view to boosting the great development of Vietnamese agriculture in these days.